REVIEW оf the monograph V. Yu. Lukyanova “Technical regulation in the system of the Russian legislation”

Objective: to carry out a comprehensive analysis of a monograph by V.Yu. Lukyanova, devoted to one of the main elements of the legal institution of technical regulation - the technical norm.Methods: dialectic approach to the cognition of social phenomena, which enables to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the integrity of objective and subjective factors; it determined the choice of the following research methods: formal-legal, comparative legal, etc. Results: the main approaches of the reviewed monograph were assessed which refer to the nature of technical norm, its position in the legislation on technical regulation. The reviewed monograph consists of an introduction, two sections, conclusion and bibliography. The introduction describes technical regulation at the modern stage of development, substantiates the topicality of the research, and briefly describes its structure. The first section is devoted to the legal nature of technical regulation. It explores such issues as: the development of concepts about the acts stipulating the mandatory requirements to products; the content of technical regulation; the forms of adopting technical regulations and their juridical force. The work also analyzes the role of technical regulation in the legislation system of the Russian Federation. In conclusion, the author proposes a systematic-parametric model of technical regulation in the Russian Federation.Scientific novelty: for the first time, the assessment is given to the provisions of the reviewed monograph, which refer to the nature of technical norm, limitations of its action both in time and space and by the circle of persons, the position in the modern Russian legislation. The conclusion is made that the monograph by V.Yu. Lukyanova should be published. Practical significance: the reviewer concludes that the monograph by V.Yu. Lukyanova can be used by specialists in the sphere of technical regulation and standardization, research workers, judicial authorities, students and post-graduate students

The effect of multiple paternity on genetic diversity during and after colonisation

In metapopulations, genetic variation of local populations is influenced by the genetic content of the founders, and of migrants following establishment. We analyse the effect of multiple paternity on genetic diversity using a model in which the highly promiscuous marine snail Littorina saxatilis expands from a mainland to colonise initially empty islands of an archipelago. Migrant females carry a large number of eggs fertilised by 1 - 10 mates. We quantify the genetic diversity of the population in terms of its heterozygosity: initially during the transient colonisation process, and at long times when the population has reached an equilibrium state with migration. During colonisation, multiple paternity increases the heterozygosity by 10 - 300 % in comparison with the case of single paternity. The equilibrium state, by contrast, is less strongly affected: multiple paternity gives rise to 10 - 50 % higher heterozygosity compared with single paternity. Further we find that far from the mainland, new mutations spreading from the mainland cause bursts of high genetic diversity separated by long periods of low diversity. This effect is boosted by multiple paternity. We conclude that multiple paternity facilitates colonisation and maintenance of small populations, whether or not this is the main cause for the evolution of extreme promiscuity in Littorina saxatilis.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, electronic supplementary materia

Determination of Au, Pb, Ni and Co in Mineral Raw Materials by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy with Graphite Furnace

A method for quantitative determination of gold, lead, nickel, cobalt in a range of concentrations from mg/g to ng/g was proposed. Method consists of annealing, treatment with acids followed by extraction. Determination of nickel, cobalt and lead was carried out after the decomposition of the sample, without discharge of the sample matrix. Method was tested by certified reference material and various rock samples. Method can be applied for determination of corresponding metals in ores, rocks and waste mining industry

Optimization of Hypoxic Brain Injuries Diagnostics in Full-Term Newborns

The problem of early diagnosis of the central nervous system damage in newborn before the onset of clinical symptoms remains relevant at the present time.The aim of the study was to optimize the hypoxic brain damage diagnosis in full-term newborns by analyzing the concentration of cytokines in the umbilical cord blood.Materials and methods. During the first stage of the study, a prospective analysis of concentrations of interleukins (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10), TNF-α and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in the umbilical cord blood serum of full-term newborns was performed. The second stage of the study included the retrospective analysis of clinical data and instrumental research methods. The main method for diagnosing in the development of hypoxic brain damage in newborns was neurosonography.Results. The development of hypoxic brain damage is evidenced by the concentration of IL-1β over 30.3 pg/ml, IL-4 – over 1.7 pg/ml, IL-6 – over 79.4 pg/ml, IL-8 – over 107.7 pg/ml, NSE – more than 10.3 ng/ml and TNF-α – more than 1.6 pg/ml in umbilical cord blood.Conclusion. The results of the study confirmed that the comprehensive assessment of the cytokines concentration in the umbilical cord blood improves the hypoxic brain damage diagnosis in newborns. Analysis of the level of these markers immediately after the birth will optimize the management tactics of newborns who have undergone hypoxic exposure in antenatal and intranatal period

Frequency of Cytokine Gene Polymorphism in Full-Term Newborns with Hypoxic Events

Background. An infant brain damage is an extremely urgent problem, this pathology is difficult to prevent, and subsequently it manifests itself with a variety of neurological consequences. Various mechanisms are involved in neurodamage; cytokines, as well as genes that control their activity, are under a great concern today. However, there is little data about their role as predictors of the brain damage among children after hypoxia. Aim of the research. To identify the frequency of cytokine gene polymorphism: interleukin (IL)-1β(C-511T), IL-1β(C3953T), IL-4(C589T), IL-6(C174G), IL-10(C819T), IL-10(G1082A) among newborns with hypoxic events. Materials and methods. The study involved 128 full-term newborn patients with hypoxic events: the first group (n = 48) included newborns who experienced chronic intrauterine hypoxia (CVH), the second group (n = 80) included newborns born in asphyxiation. Control group (52) included babies born without asphyxia and not suffering from CVH. A retrospective analysis of case-records was carried out. The material for molecular genetic analysis was DNA samples isolated from umbilical cord blood leukocytes using DNA Express Blood reagents (Scientific and Production Company LITECH, Moscow). Results. Compared to the control group (p = 0.03) children born in asphyxia had their T allele IL-1β (C-511T) prevailed. The group of newborn who had CVH had their TT genotype (p = 0.04) and the T IL-1β allele (C-511T) (p = 0.01) prevailed compared to the control group. In the same study group while studying the polymorphism of the IL-1β gene, the T allele (p = 0.03) at the point C3953T prevailed, in contrast to the control group. Conclusion. Due to the fact that cytokines are part of a reaction cascade leading to the secondary brain damage, under the action of hypoxia, it was found that among newborns undergoing asphyxia and chronic intrauterine hypoxia the increased frequencies of carriage of IL-1β-511TT and IL-1β-3953TT genotypes, and IL-1β-511T and IL-1β-3953T alleles increase the risk of neurodamage

Changes of Granite Rapakivi under the Biofouling Influence

Interdisciplinary study of granite rapakivi biofouling in the natural and anthropogenic environment (St. Petersburg, Vyborg, Southern Finland) was carried out. The biodiversity of microorganisms (cyanobacteria, micromycetes, and organotrophic bacteria) and various types of biofilms are characterized. The influence of external factors on the changes of cyanobacterial biofilms is shown. The features of biofilms localization on the granite surface in an urban environment and in natural outcrops are studied. Differences in the biofilms metabolites composition at the granite quarries and monuments of St. Petersburg are shown. The behavior of chemical elements during the bioweathering of granite is estimated. The role of biofilms in the accumulation of chemical elements on the surface of granite is established. The dynamics of chemical elements leaching from granite may depend on the type of biofilm developing on granite

СИСТЕМНАЯ МОДЕЛЬ НАИЛУЧШЕЙ ДОСТУПНОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ

A system model for the identification of the best available technology (BAT) was proposed on the basis of the system approach and the mathematical apparatus of set theory. The model allows to set up a problem of BAT identification for various chemical products manufactures and to solve the problem uniformlyНа основе системного подхода и с использованием математического аппарата теории множеств предложена системная модель наилучшей доступной технологии (НДТ), которая позволяет единообразно ставить и решать задачу идентификации технологии как НДТ для производства различных химических продуктов

Endurance ratios of middle-distance race

The paper deals with the ergometric endurance criteria in field-and-track middle-distance race and systematizes the applied training means according to the direction (nature) of the physiological effect. The ergometric analysis of ‘velocity – time’ and ‘distance – time’ dependences, according to the data of the world race records, allows defining the role of the aerobic and anaerobic energy production at particular distances of the field-and-track race. The level of development of the sportsmen’s aerobic and anaerobic capacities affects the manifestation of special endurance in the middle-distance race. The experiment was conducted among field-and-track athletes of high qualification specializing in the middle (800 and 1500 m) distances. The main factor influencing the result in a race is the energy indicators. So, their measurement and estimate serve the main leverage of the training session. The use of predominantly anaerobic exercises during the specialized work-outs significantly improves the runners’ special endurance indicators