Focalisation et structure du texte scénarique

Cet article aborde les processus de focalisation mis en scène dans le texte scénarique. Il s'agit en premier lieu de faire état des différentes modalités de la focalisation dans le texte en établissant la spécificité du cadre scénarique qui relativise le statut des verbes de perception. En second lieu, il s'agit de mettre en évidence la focalisation qu'induisent les relations d'attribution dans le texte scénarique, un personnage étant alors tenu pour responsable d'un flash-arrière. L'article conclut à la nécessité de distinguer les différentes modalités de la focalisation dans le cadre spécifique du texte scénarique.This article studies the différent focalization processes involved in a script. First, the author depicts the modalities of focalization considering the value of the verbs of perception («we see") involved in script's descriptions. In a second time, he examines the focalization introduced by the "relationship of attribution" in a script (the impression of following a character's narration) which introduces a subjective effect in the objective treatment of film narration. In conclusion, he points out the necessity to distinguish différent modalities for the expression of focalization in the script

Bicyclic Boronate VNRX-5133 Inhibits Metallo- and Serine-β-Lactamases

The bicyclic boronate VNRX-5133 (taniborbactam) is a new type of β-lactamase inhibitor in clinical development. We report that VNRX-5133 inhibits serine-β-lactamases (SBLs) and some clinically important metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), including NDM-1 and VIM-1/2. VNRX-5133 activity against IMP-1 and tested B2/B3 MBLs was lower/not observed. Crystallography reveals how VNRX-5133 binds to the class D SBL OXA-10 and MBL NDM-1. The crystallographic results highlight the ability of bicyclic boronates to inhibit SBLs and MBLs via binding of a tetrahedral (sp3) boron species. The structures imply conserved binding of the bicyclic core with SBLs/MBLs. With NDM-1, by crystallography, we observed an unanticipated VNRX-5133 binding mode involving cyclization of its acylamino oxygen onto the boron of the bicyclic core. Different side-chain binding modes for bicyclic boronates for SBLs and MBLs imply scope for side-chain optimization. The results further support the "high-energy-intermediate" analogue approach for broad-spectrum β-lactamase inhibitor development and highlight the ability of boron inhibitors to interchange between different hybridization states/binding modes

Imitation of β-lactam binding enables broad-spectrum metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors

Carbapenems are vital antibiotics, but their efficacy is increasingly compromised by metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs). Here we report the discovery and optimization of potent broad-spectrum MBL inhibitors. A high-throughput screen for NDM-1 inhibitors identified indole-2-carboxylates (InCs) as potential beta-lactamase stable beta-lactam mimics. Subsequent structure-activity relationship studies revealed InCs as a new class of potent MBL inhibitor, active against all MBL classes of major clinical relevance. Crystallographic studies revealed a binding mode of the InCs to MBLs that, in some regards, mimics that predicted for intact carbapenems, including with respect to maintenance of the Zn(II)-bound hydroxyl, and in other regards mimics binding observed in MBL-carbapenem product complexes. InCs restore carbapenem activity against multiple drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and have a low frequency of resistance. InCs also have a good in vivo safety profile, and when combined with meropenem show a strong in vivo efficacy in peritonitis and thigh mouse infection models.Peer reviewe

Natural product guided antibacterial drug discovery: tetramates as core scaffolds

This thesis describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of a library of compounds containing the tetramic acid core in search of novel antibacterial drug candidates. Chapter 1 discusses the need for new antibiotics due to the emergence of virulent bacterial strains resistant to clinically available drugs and the hiatus in the discovery of new replacement antibitoics that has become a global threat to human health. Different platforms for antibacterial drug discovery and the re-emergence of natural products-based approach that has gained importance in the quest for novel antibiotics are discussed. In this regard, the intrinsic antibacterial activity of natural products containing a tetramate core structure and the strategies developed to synthesise the core scaffold are described. Chapter 2 discusses the use of ʟ-serine and ʟ-cysteine in tetramic acid synthesis and the application of ʟ-cysteine-derived thiazolidine templates suitable for stereoselective ring closing reactions to obtain the tetramic acid core with scope for further functionalization. Chapters 3 and 4 describe a range of synthetic routes for appropriate substitutions of the tetramate core for compound library generation. Elaboration of the tetramate core via carboxamide tetramate synthesis, Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions, glycosylations and their aglycone analogue synthesis, etherification, tetramate-pyroglutamate systems, Buchwald aminations/amidations, cycloadditions and β-lactam hybrids as possible chemical modifications of the tetramate core structure are discussed. Chapter 5 describes the antibacetiral activity and physicochemical properties of the library of compounds synthesised. A preliminary evaluation of their antibiotic activity was conducted against S. aureus and E. coli using the hole-plate method. MICs of the tetramates synthesised were determined against several Gram-negative strains; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive strains; MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, in whole-cell bioassays. Physicochemical properties of the compound library were analysed to map the chemical space occupied by tetramates with potent antibacterial activity. Enzyme inhibition studies were conducted to identify possible modes of action that contribute to whole-cell antibiotic activity and in this regard, the inhibition of enzymes S. aureus topoisomerase IV, S. aureus RNA polymerase, E. coli RNA polymerase, E. coli gyrase and M. tuberculosis gyrase are discussed. Since plasma protein binding of compounds is an important factor that determines the bioavailability of antibiotics and their clinical outcome, a study of the binding affinity of these drug candidates to Human Serum Albumin (HSA) by both whole-cell bioassay and NMR spectroscopy-based protein binding experiments are discussed. Finally, a brief note on the potential of tetramic acids to function as proteasome inhibitors in anticancer chemotherapy is included at the end of this chapter.</p

Natural product guided antibacterial drug discovery: tetramates as core scaffolds

This thesis describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of a library of compounds containing the tetramic acid core in search of novel antibacterial drug candidates. Chapter 1 discusses the need for new antibiotics due to the emergence of virulent bacterial strains resistant to clinically available drugs and the hiatus in the discovery of new replacement antibitoics that has become a global threat to human health. Different platforms for antibacterial drug discovery and the re-emergence of natural products-based approach that has gained importance in the quest for novel antibiotics are discussed. In this regard, the intrinsic antibacterial activity of natural products containing a tetramate core structure and the strategies developed to synthesise the core scaffold are described. Chapter 2 discusses the use of Ê-serine and Ê-cysteine in tetramic acid synthesis and the application of Ê-cysteine-derived thiazolidine templates suitable for stereoselective ring closing reactions to obtain the tetramic acid core with scope for further functionalization. Chapters 3 and 4 describe a range of synthetic routes for appropriate substitutions of the tetramate core for compound library generation. Elaboration of the tetramate core via carboxamide tetramate synthesis, Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions, glycosylations and their aglycone analogue synthesis, etherification, tetramate-pyroglutamate systems, Buchwald aminations/amidations, cycloadditions and β-lactam hybrids as possible chemical modifications of the tetramate core structure are discussed. Chapter 5 describes the antibacetiral activity and physicochemical properties of the library of compounds synthesised. A preliminary evaluation of their antibiotic activity was conducted against S. aureus and E. coli using the hole-plate method. MICs of the tetramates synthesised were determined against several Gram-negative strains; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive strains; MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, in whole-cell bioassays. Physicochemical properties of the compound library were analysed to map the chemical space occupied by tetramates with potent antibacterial activity. Enzyme inhibition studies were conducted to identify possible modes of action that contribute to whole-cell antibiotic activity and in this regard, the inhibition of enzymes S. aureus topoisomerase IV, S. aureus RNA polymerase, E. coli RNA polymerase, E. coli gyrase and M. tuberculosis gyrase are discussed. Since plasma protein binding of compounds is an important factor that determines the bioavailability of antibiotics and their clinical outcome, a study of the binding affinity of these drug candidates to Human Serum Albumin (HSA) by both whole-cell bioassay and NMR spectroscopy-based protein binding experiments are discussed. Finally, a brief note on the potential of tetramic acids to function as proteasome inhibitors in anticancer chemotherapy is included at the end of this chapter.</p

Imitation of β-lactam binding enables broad-spectrum metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors

Carbapenems are vital antibiotics, but their efficacy is increasingly compromised by metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs). Here we report the discovery and optimization of potent broad-spectrum MBL inhibitors. A high-throughput screen for NDM-1 inhibitors identified indole-2-carboxylates (InCs) as potential beta-lactamase stable beta-lactam mimics. Subsequent structure-activity relationship studies revealed InCs as a new class of potent MBL inhibitor, active against all MBL classes of major clinical relevance. Crystallographic studies revealed a binding mode of the InCs to MBLs that, in some regards, mimics that predicted for intact carbapenems, including with respect to maintenance of the Zn(II)-bound hydroxyl, and in other regards mimics binding observed in MBL-carbapenem product complexes. InCs restore carbapenem activity against multiple drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and have a low frequency of resistance. InCs also have a good in vivo safety profile, and when combined with meropenem show a strong in vivo efficacy in peritonitis and thigh mouse infection models.Peer reviewe