741 research outputs found
A phenomenological model of macrocrack initiation and growth in cyclically deformed material
Role of the process zone in fatigue macrocrack initiation and propagation is
considered. An examples of the assessment of the fatigue macrocrack initiation period, Ni,
and the failure period, Nf, of a notched specimens on the base of unified model using fatigue
macrocrack growth rates only are shown. Some backgrounds and well-known fatigue
phenomena (Kitagawa's and Smith's diagrams, etc) are discussed
Modeling of regional system of quality management of professional education
Declared a set of principles, concepts and ideas of the provisions of the regional quality management system modeling of vocational training, reflecting changes in the regulatory framework, the requirements of international ISO quality standards to the construction and application of modern quality management systems based on the process approachΠΠ°ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·Ρ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ISO ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄
EDUCATION AND EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM MANAGEMENT: STATUS, TRENDS, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
Introduction. The current stage of development of education in Russia, characterized by the continuation of reforms and intense innovation processes, require essential changes in management. It takes not only a revision of the paradigmatic foundations of such management, but also the adoption of complex measures for improving its efficiency, and reducing excessive centralization.The aim of the present publication is to study the status and prospects of education management in the Russian Federation. Methodology and research methods. The author used the methodology of an interdisciplinary and system-based approaches to the analysis of the considered phenomenon; methods of theoretical analysis, synthesis and generalization. Results. Negative tendencies and contradictions in modern management of education and educational systems, including problems of differentiation of the rights, competences and powers of bodies of various levels of management are revealed. The condition of education management is considered in the context of common problems of its modernization and key innovative vectors of development of the society. Detailed analysis of paradigmatic foundations of management is carried out; its systemacity and balance are presented from the positions of management members and a specific variety of the functions realized by them. System-genetic foundations of management, its recurrence, compliance with the principles of system inheritance are analysed; effectiveness, equifinality, management efficiency in its social, economic, pedagogical and organizational measurements are studied.Scientific novelty concludes in the reasons identification of a gap between the proper and existing management of an educational system. The perspective directions of improvement of this field are singled out.Practical significance. The author provides the recommendations on the use of the proposed ideas concerning the revision of the current approaches to the management of education and educational systems.ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π², ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π‘ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ; Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ; ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF SYSTEMS OF CONTINUOUS EDUCATION OF ADULTS
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΠ± ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
, Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
The results of the analysis and actualization of the potential of continuous adult education in modern conditions are presented. The substantiation of the question of management of systems of continuous education of adults, with an emphasis on the issues of its regionalization. Seems a common trend in the reform of global systems of adult educatio
Actual problems of the theory of quality
The aim of the publication is the analysis of the place and the role of scientific categories and application of the concept of Β«qualityΒ» as a threepronged science of quality, quality management, quality assessment in contemporary global processes, as well as applied aspects with regard to the adoption of specific management decisions.Methods. Methodology of interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of the "quality" category is used; the methods of theoretical analysis, synthesis and generalization.Analysis of the Β«qualityΒ» of the concept is carried out in conjunction with the global processes and trends in the economy, the crisis in the world, due to the emerging new technological order. The theoretical foundation that can be laid at the base of the further development of the theory of quality and making the qualitative nature of the reforms in the social sphere and the economic sphere is considered in details.Results. The tendencies, risks, problems and suggestions on the practical application of some or other quality concepts, approaches to enforcement are signified. The author's vision of the future development direction, associated with quality, including in international breaking is given.Scientific novelty consists in determining of qualitology potential applied to solve complex theoretical and practical problems, its place and role among emerging new classification of classical and non-classical sciences. The promising directions of the quality theory in relation to the economy, social sphere, education are identified.Practical significance. The proposed recommendations on use of ideas for management approaches reconsideration, organization of research and training in the field of quality.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ β Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ Β«ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ», ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΈΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅, ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Β«ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ», ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ Β«ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ» ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΊΠ΅ Ρ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ.ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ, Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΊ. ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²
Fatigue fracture of materials with filled up cracks
The formula for calculation of the damages accumulation under cyclic loading in
the material has been proposed. The processes of cyclic elasto-plastic deformation at the filled
crack tip have been investigated using the above formula. New kinetic dependences of
fatigue crack propagation have been obtained. It was established that macrocrack growth rate
in a cyclically deformed body is related, apart of the loading parameters and known strength
characteristics of the material, with the parameters that account the intensity of damages
accumulation and nonstability of the hysteresis loop width with the increase in the loading
cycles number
FINANCIAL AND MANAGERIAL ASPECT OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONING OF THE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE REGION
The article analyzes the activity of the regional authorities in relation to the improvement of financial management of the development of social infrastructure.Β According to the results of scientific works dealing with the problems of organizational and economic provision of activities for the development of social infrastructure of the regions, an analysis of the problems of financial provision of the social sphere and the ways of overcoming them have been carried out.Β Based on the clarification of the indicators used in the reports on the results and main areas of activity, as well as on improving the methods for determining the economic efficiency, the development of a system of indicators for the conduct of three interrelated types of monitoring (standard, monitoring, in-depth) is proposed in order to obtain the most complete information about the systemΒ financing the development of social infrastructure in terms of social policy from the standpoint of end results.Key words: region, social infrastructure, budgeting, financial support, monitoring, social policyΠΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΊ Π. Π., ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΊ, Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΊ Π. Π.; Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ, ΠΠ°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΉ Π. Π.; Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΊ Π· Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ, Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π½ Π. Π.; ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΊ Π· Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ, ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ°Π½ Π. Π. Π€ΡΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ/ Π’Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°, Π’Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Ρ; ΠΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΡΠΠ’ Β«ΠΠΠ Β«ΠΡΠΆΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π° Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌΒ», Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°, ΠΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ; Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡ, Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°, ΠΠΈΡΠ²; Π£ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΠ°Π²Π»Π° Π’ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°, Π£ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠ£ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ² Π²Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎ Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ° Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π· ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ², ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π°Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ², Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²'ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ (ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³, ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ) Π· ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΒ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ½Π°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ Π² Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ².ΠΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°: ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΎΠ½, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°, Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΡΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ, ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊ
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