Monitoring of chemotherapy leukemia treatment using Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis

In this research, we used the Raman spectroscopy to distinguish between normal and leukemia blood serum and identify the different types of leukemia based on serum biochemistry. In addition, monitoring of patients under chemotherapy leukemia treatment (CHLT) was studied. Blood samples were obtained from seven patients who were clinically diagnosed with three leukemia types and 21 healthy volunteers. In addition, other five leukemia patients were monitored during the CHLT, two patients were declared healthy, one patient suspended it; the health of the other two patients worsened, and no improvement was observed along CHLT. The serum samples were put under an Olympus microscope integrated to the Raman system, and several points were chosen for the Raman measurement. The Horiba Jobin Yvon LabRAM HR800 Raman system is equipped with a liquid nitrogen-cooled detector and a laser of 830 nm with a power irradiation of 17 mW. It is shown that the serum samples from patient with leukemia and from the control group can be discriminated when multivariate statistical methods of principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are applied to their Raman spectra obtaining two large clusters corresponding to the control and leukemia serum samples and three clusters inside the leukemia group associated with the three leukemia types. The major differences between leukemia and control spectra were at 1,338 (Trp, α-helix, phospholipids), 1,447 (lipids), 1,523 (β-carotene), 1,556 (Trp), 1,587 (protein, Tyr), 1,603 (Tyr, Phe), and 1,654 (proteins, amide I, α-helix, phospholipids) cm-1, where these peaks were less intense in the leukemia spectrum. Minor differences occurred at 661 (glutathione), 890 (glutathione), 973 (glucosamine), 1,126 (protein, phospholipid C-C str), 1,160 (β-carotene), 1,174 (Trp, Phe), 1,208 (Trp), 1,246 (amide III), 1,380 (glucosamine), and 1,404 (glutathione) cm-1. Leukemia spectrum showed a peak at 917 cm -1 associated with glutathione, but it was absent in the control spectrum. The results suggest that the Raman spectroscopy and PCA could be a technique with a strong potential of support for current techniques to detect and identify the different leukemia types by using a serum sample. Nevertheless, with the construction of a data library integrated with a large number of leukemia and control Raman spectra obtained from a wide range of healthy and leukemic population, the Raman-PCA technique could be converted into a new technique for minimally invasive real-time diagnosis of leukemia from serum samples. In addition, complementary results suggest that using these techniques is possible to monitor CHLT. © 2014 Springer-Verlag

Changes in Extracellular Glutamate Levels in Rat Orbitofrontal Cortex During Sleep and Wakefulness

The use of Raman spectroscopy to analyze the biochemical composition of serum samples and hence distinguish between normal and cervical cancer serum samples was investigated. The serum samples were obtained from 19 patients who were clinically diagnosed with cervical cancer, 3 precancer, and 20 healthy volunteer controls. The imprint was put under an Olympus microscope, and around points were chosen for Raman measurement.All spectra were collected at a Horiba Jobin-Yvon LabRAM HR800 Raman Spectrometer with a laser of 830-nm wavelength and 17-mW power irradiation. Raw spectra were processed by carrying out baseline correction, smoothing, andnormalization to remove noise, florescence, and shot noise and then analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). The control serum spectrum showed the presence of higher amounts of carotenoids indicated by peaks at 1,002, 1,160, and 1,523 cm-1and intense peaks associated with protein components at 754, 853, 938, 1,002, 1,300-1,345, 1,447, 1,523, 1,550, 1,620, and 1,654 cm-1. The Raman bands assigned to glutathione (446, 828, and 1,404 cm-1) and tryptophan (509, 1,208, 1,556, 1,603, and 1,620 cm-1) in cervical cancer were higher than those of control samples, suggesting that their presence may also play a role in cervical cancer. Furthermore, weak bands in the control samples attributed to tryptophan (545, 760, and 1,174 cm-1) and amide III (1,234-1,290 cm -1) seem to disappear and decrease in the cervical cancer samples, respectively. It is shown that the serum samples from patients with cervical cancer and from the control group can be discriminated with high sensitivity and specificity when the multivariate statistical methods of PCA is applied to Raman spectra. PCA allowed us to define the wavelength differences between the spectral bands of the control and cervical cancer groups by confirming that the main molecular differences among the control and cervical cancer samples were glutathione, tryptophan, ? carotene, and amide III. The preliminary results suggest that Raman spectroscopy could be a highly effective technique with a strong potential of support for current techniques as Papanicolaou smear by reducing the number of these tests; nevertheless, with the construction of a data library integrated with a large number of cervical cancer and control Raman spectra obtained from a wide range of healthy and cervical cancer population, Raman-PCA technique could be converted into a new technique for noninvasive real-time diagnosis of cervical cancer from serum samples. " 2013 Springer-Verlag.",,,,,,"10.1007/s10103-013-1447-6",,,"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12104/39955","http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84902660796&partnerID=40&md5=7042abac4fded12fae35957588615c0

Cervical cancer detection based on serum sample Raman spectroscopy

The use of Raman spectroscopy to analyze the biochemical composition of serum samples and hence distinguish between normal and cervical cancer serum samples was investigated. The serum samples were obtained from 19 patients who were clinically diagnosed with cervical cancer, 3 precancer, and 20 healthy volunteer controls. The imprint was put under an Olympus microscope, and around points were chosen for Raman measurement.All spectra were collected at a Horiba Jobin-Yvon LabRAM HR800 Raman Spectrometer with a laser of 830-nm wavelength and 17-mW power irradiation. Raw spectra were processed by carrying out baseline correction, smoothing, andnormalization to remove noise, florescence, and shot noise and then analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). The control serum spectrum showed the presence of higher amounts of carotenoids indicated by peaks at 1,002, 1,160, and 1,523 cm-1and intense peaks associated with protein components at 754, 853, 938, 1,002, 1,300-1,345, 1,447, 1,523, 1,550, 1,620, and 1,654 cm-1. The Raman bands assigned to glutathione (446, 828, and 1,404 cm-1) and tryptophan (509, 1,208, 1,556, 1,603, and 1,620 cm-1) in cervical cancer were higher than those of control samples, suggesting that their presence may also play a role in cervical cancer. Furthermore, weak bands in the control samples attributed to tryptophan (545, 760, and 1,174 cm-1) and amide III (1,234-1,290 cm -1) seem to disappear and decrease in the cervical cancer samples, respectively. It is shown that the serum samples from patients with cervical cancer and from the control group can be discriminated with high sensitivity and specificity when the multivariate statistical methods of PCA is applied to Raman spectra. PCA allowed us to define the wavelength differences between the spectral bands of the control and cervical cancer groups by confirming that the main molecular differences among the control and cervical cancer samples were glutathione, tryptophan, β carotene, and amide III. The preliminary results suggest that Raman spectroscopy could be a highly effective technique with a strong potential of support for current techniques as Papanicolaou smear by reducing the number of these tests; nevertheless, with the construction of a data library integrated with a large number of cervical cancer and control Raman spectra obtained from a wide range of healthy and cervical cancer population, Raman-PCA technique could be converted into a new technique for noninvasive real-time diagnosis of cervical cancer from serum samples. © 2013 Springer-Verlag

Knowledge Discovery in Spectral Data by Means of Complex Networks

In the last decade, complex networks have widely been applied to the study of many natural and man-made systems, and to the extraction of meaningful information from the interaction structures created by genes and proteins. Nevertheless, less attention has been devoted to metabonomics, due to the lack of a natural network representation of spectral data. Here we define a technique for reconstructing networks from spectral data sets, where nodes represent spectral bins, and pairs of them are connected when their intensities follow a pattern associated with a disease. The structural analysis of the resulting network can then be used to feed standard data-mining algorithms, for instance for the classification of new (unlabeled) subjects. Furthermore, we show how the structure of the network is resilient to the presence of external additive noise, and how it can be used to extract relevant knowledge about the development of the disease

The influence of the 1992-1993 el niño on the reproductive biology of Scomber japonicus peruanus (Jordán & Hubb, 1925)

The influence of the 1992-1993 El Niño events on the reproductive behavior of the Scomber japonicus peruanus (Chub mackerel) was studied from samples collected monthly, along the Peruvian coast (3º23'S-14º00'S), from January 1990 to December 1993. The monthly variation of the gonadosomatic index and the frequency of the periods of gonad maturation evidenced that the spawning of the species occurred all year long, being more intense in summer. The values of the gonadosomatic index were higher during the occurrence of the 1992-1993 El Niño, while the body weight and gonad weight decreased. Regarding the condition factor, its values decreased in females over 35 cm in fork length.<br>A influência do evento El Niño 1992-1993 no comportamento reprodutivo de Scomber japonicus peruanus (cavalinha) foi estudada a partir de amostras coletadas mensalmente, ao longo do litoral peruano (3º23'S-14º00'S), de janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 1993. A variação mensal do índice gonadossomático e a freqüência dos estágios de maturação gonadal evidenciaram que a desova da cavalinha ocorreu o ano inteiro, sendo mais intensa no verão. Os valores do índice gonadossomático foram mais elevados durante o evento El Niño, mas, em contraposição, as fêmeas apresentaram peso menor. Os dados mostraram que o fator de condição diminuiu em fêmeas com mais de 35 cm de comprimento furcal