ASPECTOS CONFLITUAIS DOS CONTRATOS INTERNACIONAIS DE TRANSFERÊNCIA DE TECNOLOGIA: UMA ABORDAGEM IBERO-AMERICANA

A tecnologia e a inovação são ativos importantes e elementos estratégicos que são singularmente competitivos a nível global para empresas e países, com um impacto direto no desenvolvimento econômico e social, bem como na sustentabilidade. Especialmente no atual ambiente altamente internacional, caracterizado pelos desequilíbrios no desenvolvimento tecnológico e no nível de inovação entre países e regiões. Uma importância que levou ao incentivo de políticas públicas ativas que têm impacto em sua promoção e na melhoria dos processos de gestão e transferência de tecnologia e inovação; tornando-se assim um setor chave com um caráter cada vez mais internacional. No âmbito Ibero-Americano, os acordos ou contratos de transferência de tecnologia não correspondem a um tipo específico de contrato, nem constituem uma categoria contratual autônoma

Sucesión mortis causa de extranjeros y españoles tras el Reglamento (UE) 650/2012: problemas procesales, notariales, registrales y fiscales

El pasado 17 de agosto de 2020 se cumplía el quinto aniversario desde que se iniciara la plena aplicación del Reglamento (UE) 650/2012. Un significativo instrumento europeo cuyas amplias repercusiones en el sistema de Derecho Internacional privado de los Estados miembros ha sido subrayado en los numerosos estudios que lo han acompañado,tanto durante su tramitación comofundamentalmente tras su aprobación; tras décadas en las que la materia sucesoria había atraído una más que discreta atención por parte de la doctrina internacional-privatista, frente a la potente práctica que se desarrollaba entorno al fenómeno sucesorio mortis causa en despachos de abogados, Notarias y Registros. Lo cierto es quela irrupción de este significativo Reglamento ha significado todo un revulsivo en este ámbito del que se ha hecho eco también la academia.Sobre todo, al ver la luz en un panorama normativo especialmente complejo y plural, donde los instrumentos convencionales y europeos en materia sucesoria brillaban por su ausencia, y reinaba un alto nivel de particularismo. Una publicación y una entrada en funcionamiento que ha traído consigo, a su vez, una más que destacada actividad jurisprudencial por parte del TJUE, la multiplicación de congresos y de cursos sobre las distintas aristas que suscita Reglamento (UE) 650/2012, así como un constante caudal de trabajos prácticos y puramente doctrinales relacionados con este ámbit

La competencia judicial internacional en materia de contratos individuales de trabajo en el Convenio de Lugano

Studies devoted to the jurisdictional questions which arise from international individual contracts of employment have, most of the times and up to now, centred their attention in the Brussels Convention and in the following Regulations Brussels I and I Recast –which form part of the so called «Brussels system»– as well as the case-law of the European Court of Justice which has interpreted them. Nevertheless, due to its «parallel» character, it is also of interest to analyse those solutions which the Lugano Convention II provides and its application by courts. In this sense, the recent decision in case C-603/17, Bosworth/Hurley, offers a good opportunity to examine its articles 18 to 21, as well as their application in practice, while waiting for a new revision of the Lugano Convention II which adapts those provisions to the changes which have been incorporated in the Regulation Brussels I Recast.Los estudios dedicados a las cuestiones jurisdiccionales que suscitan los contratos individuales de trabajo internacionales han centrado su atención, en su mayor parte y hasta la fecha, en el Convenio de Bruselas de 1968 y los Reglamentos Bruselas I y I bis que se han ido sucediendo –y que integran el conocido como «sistema de Bruselas»–, así como en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea que los ha interpretado. Sin embargo, debido a su carácter «paralelo», igualmente resulta de interés analizar las soluciones que proporcionan el Convenio de Lugano II y su aplicación jurisprudencial. En este sentido, la reciente sentencia en el asunto C-603/17, Bosworth y Hurley, ofrece una buena oportunidad para examinar sus artículos 18 a 21, así como su aplicación práctica, a la espera de una nueva revisión del Convenio de Lugano II que adapte tales preceptos a los cambios que han sido incorporados en el Reglamento Bruselas I bis

DAVID CARRIZO AGUADO / LAURA GARCÍA ÁLVAREZ (Coords.). Derecho Internacional privado: casos prácticos resueltos y razonados

Este artículo reseña: David Carrizo Aguado / Laura García Álvarez (Coords.). Derecho Internacional privado: casos prácticos resueltos y razonados. Dykinson, Madrid. 2021. ISBN: 978-84-1377-703-

Protección del consumidor internacional en tiempos de COVID-19.

The COVID-19 crisis has generated great concern among consumers, requiring the intervention of States in order to protect their interests and rights. This analysis has focused attention on issues related to the determination of the applicable law to consumer contracts in those international cases affected by the Coronavirus, as well as the interrelation that exists between those state consumer protection measures and the Rome I Regulatio

A HEV-restricted sulfotransferase is expressed in rheumatoid arthritis synovium and is induced by lymphotoxin-alpha/beta and TNF-alpha in cultured endothelial cells.

BackgroundThe recruitment of lymphocytes to secondary lymphoid organs relies on interactions of circulating cells with high endothelial venules (HEV). HEV are exclusive to these organs under physiological conditions, but they can develop in chronically-inflamed tissues. The interaction of L-selectin on lymphocytes with sulfated glycoprotein ligands on HEV results in lymphocyte rolling, which represents the initial step in lymphocyte homing. HEV expression of GlcNAc6ST-2 (also known as HEC-GlcNAc6ST, GST-3, LSST or CHST4), an HEV-restricted sulfotransferase, is essential for the elaboration of L-selectin functional ligands as well as a critical epitope recognized by MECA-79 mAb.ResultsWe examined the expression of GlcNAc6ST-2 in relationship to the MECA-79 epitope in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial vessels. Expression of GlcNAc6ST-2 was specific to RA synovial tissues as compared to osteoarthritis synovial tissues and localized to endothelial cells of HEV-like vessels and small flat-walled vessels. Double MECA-79 and GlcNAc6ST-2 staining showed colocalization of the MECA-79 epitope and GlcNAc6ST-2. We further found that both TNF-alpha and lymphotoxin-alphabeta induced GlcNAc6ST-2 mRNA and protein in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells.ConclusionThese observations demonstrate that GlcNAc6ST-2 is induced in RA vessels and provide potential cytokine pathways for its induction. GlcNAc6ST-2 is a novel marker of activated vessels within RA ectopic lymphoid aggregates. This enzyme represents a potential therapeutic target for RA

Elucidating the impact of power interruptions on microbial electromethanogenesis

Preprint. Submitted version[EN] The need to accommodate power fluctuations intrinsic to high-renewable systems will demand in the future the implementation of large quantities of energy storage capacity. Electromethanogenesis (EM) can potentially absorb the excess of renewable energy and store it as CH4. However, it is still unknown how power fluctuations impact on the performance of EM systems. In this study, power gaps from 24 to 96 h were applied to two 0.5 L EM reactors to assess the effect of power interruptions on current density, methane production and current conversion efficiency. In addition, the cathodes where operated with and without external H2 supplementation during the power-off periods to analyse how power outages affect the two main metabolic stages of the EM (i.e.: the hydrogenic and methanogenic steps). Methane production rates kept around 1000 mL per m2 of electrode and per day regardless of the duration of the power interruptions and of the supplementation of hydrogen. Interestingly, current density increased in the absence of hydrogen (averaged current density during hydrogen supplementation was 0.36 A·m-2 , increasing up to 0.58 A·m-2 without hydrogen). However current was less efficiently used in the production of methane with no hydrogen supplementation. Nevertheless, when the electrical power was restored after the power interruption experiments, performance parameters were similar to those observed before. These results indicate that EM is resilient to power fluctuations, which reinforces the opportunity of using EM as a technology for renewable energy storage.N

Microbial electromethanogenesis for energy storage: Influence of acidic pH on process performance

[EN] Microbial electromethanogenesis (EM) has positioned itself as a promising technology for electrical energy storage using CO2 as a feedstock. However, the selectivity of the final product remains a challenge, being highly dependent of the operating conditions (temperature, pH, conductivity, etc.). This study tries to understand the role that pH plays on the start-up, performance and the structure of microbial communities of an EM system. To that end, two EM reactors were started at pH 7.0 and 5.5 respectively and were subsequently subjected to pH variations between 7.5 and 3.5. The reactor inoculated at pH 5.5 started to produce CH4 earlier than that inoculated at pH 7.0, and the acetogenic activity was gradually displaced by methanogenesis during the start-up period, regardless of the pH. In addition, as the pH of the catholyte became more acidic, the performance improved in terms of methane production, current density and columbic efficiency. Acidic environments – pH around 4.5 – promoted higher methane production due to the selection of Methanobacterium, an acid-tolerant hydrogenotrophic archaea. When pH was set at 3.5, the overall performance declined sharply, probably because it induced unfavourable physiological conditions.SIMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovació

Microbial electrosynthesis for CO2 conversion and methane production: Influence of electrode geometry on biofilm development

[EN] Electromethanogenesis is a process of microbial electrosynthesis (MES) in whichelectroactive microorganisms reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) to produce methane (CH4), using a cathodeas an electron donor. The efficiency of this reaction is greatly determined by the establishment of arobust microbial community on the biocathodes, which eventually affects the global performance of thebioreactor. Moreover, the development of the biofilm depends on several characteristics of theelectrodes, more specifically their material and geometry. Since electrode geometry is a crucialparameter, this study aims at evaluating the sole influence of the electrode shape by installingcarbon-based electrodes with two different constructions (brush and carbon felt) of biocathodes in anelectromethanogenic reactor for CO2capture. The overall performance of the reactors showedcoulombic efficiencies around 100%, with high-quality biogas reaching methane concentrations above90%. The results reveal that the electrode geometry affects the individual biocathode performance, andthe carbon brush showed a bigger contribution to current generation and electrical capacitance,exhibiting higher peak hydrogen production compared to the carbon felt, which could be reflected inhigher CO2capture and methane generation. Both geometries showed a greater proliferation of archaeaover bacteria (between 53 and 85%), which was more significant on the brush than on the carbon felt.Archaea community was dominated byMethanobacteriumin carbon felt electrodes and codominatedwithMethanobrevibacterin brush electrodes, while bacteria analyses showed a very similar communityfor both geometriesS