A case study - Regulation and Functional Mechanisms of Cancer Cells and Control its Activity Using Plants and their Derivatives

Novel exploiting to the understanding of conventional medicine was followed by the findings of many unique secondary metabolites and its biological property and is highly required for treating of many endemic diseases. The plants have been a long background in ethno pharmacological knowledge for treatment of endemic and non-endemic diseases. Such plants are traditionally used in different form of paste, extraction and powder to treat seasonal diseases. Nowadays main uses of some medicinal plants have been a great deal with cure and control various chronic diseases such as cancer, AIDS, hepatitis, neurogenic disorders and acute kidney diseases. Cancer is molecular dysfunction and disarrangement in DNA base pairs it leads to change the human physiological and biochemical behavior of the system. Apoptotic mechanisms are regulating by two distinct pathways in which basic creeds perform in common to all eukaryotes. The key components in apoptosis especially mitochondrial intracellular organelles are identified (DNA, protein and ATP, Ca2+). These components control the next cellular binder step and participate in effecting cell suicide mechanisms. The diverse aspects of mitochondria involved in apoptosis include dealing with other proceedings such as release of protein or enzymes to effective for cell death. In these mechanism plants and related natural products using alternative therapeutic management, very less toxicity and cost benefits. Plant extracts and its biomass has revealed the existing of various pharmacologically active compounds like steroids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids. The reliable natural products are acting as high sources for anticancer drugs. The natural derived compounds are the prolongation of life span of the zeolites and decrease of malignancy cell formation in the cellular system

Modulation of Osteogenic and Myogenic Differentiation by a Phytoestrogen Formononetin via p38MAPK-Dependent JAK-STAT and Smad-1/5/8 Signaling Pathways in Mouse Myogenic Progenitor Cells

Formononetin (FN), a typical phytoestrogen has attracted substantial attention as a novel agent because of its diverse biological activities including, osteogenic differentiation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying osteogenic and myogenic differentiation by FN in C2C12 progenitor cells remain unknown. Therefore the objective of the current study was to investigate the action of FN on myogenic and osteogenic differentiation and its impact on signaling pathways in C2C12 cells. FN significantly increased myogenic markers such as Myogenin, myosin heavy chains, and myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD). In addition, the expression of osteogenic specific genes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Run-related transcription factor 2(RUNX2), and osteocalcin (OCN) were up-regulated by FN treatment. Moreover, FN enhanced the ALP level, calcium deposition and the expression of bone morphogenetic protein isoform (BMPs). Signal transduction pathways mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), extracellular signal-related kinases (ERKs), protein kinase B (Akt), Janus kinases (JAKs), and signal transducer activator of transcription proteins (STATs) in myogenic and osteogenic differentiation after FN treatment were also examined. FN treatment activates myogenic differentiation by increasing p38MAPK and decreasing JAK1-STAT1 phosphorylation levels, while osteogenic induction was enhanced by p38MAPK dependent Smad, 1/5/8 signaling pathways in C2C12 progenitor cells

Biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant derivatives and their new avenues in pharmacological applications – An updated report

AbstractThe field of nanotechnology mainly encompasses with biology, physics, chemistry and material sciences and it develops novel therapeutic nanosized materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. The biological syntheses of nanoparticles are being carried out by different macro–microscopic organisms such as plant, bacteria, fungi, seaweeds and microalgae. The biosynthesized nanomaterials have been effectively controlling the various endemic diseases with less adverse effect. Plant contains abundant natural compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and other nutritional compounds. These natural products are derived from various parts of plant such as leaves, stems, roots shoots, flowers, barks, and seeds. Recently, many studies have proved that the plant extracts act as a potential precursor for the synthesis of nanomaterial in non-hazardous ways. Since the plant extract contains various secondary metabolites, it acts as reducing and stabilizing agents for the bioreduction reaction to synthesized novel metallic nanoparticles. The non-biological methods (chemical and physical) are used in the synthesis of nanoparticles, which has a serious hazardous and high toxicity for living organisms. In addition, the biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is inexpensive, single step and eco-friendly methods. The plants are used successfully in the synthesis of various greener nanoparticles such as cobalt, copper, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, zinc oxide and magnetite. Also, the plant mediated nanoparticles are potential remedy for various diseases such as malaria, cancer, HIV, hepatitis and other acute diseases

Nutraceuticals as Potential Therapeutic Agents for Colon Cancer: A Review

Colon cancer is a world-wide health problem and the second-most dangerous type of cancer, affecting both men and women. The modern diet and lifestyles, with high meat consumption and excessive alcohol use, along with limited physical activity has led to an increasing mortality rate for colon cancer worldwide. As a result, there is a need to develop novel and environmentally benign drug therapies for colon cancer. Currently, nutraceuticals play an increasingly important role in the treatment of various chronic diseases such as colon cancer, diabetes and Alzheimer׳s disease. Nutraceuticals are derived from various natural sources such as medicinal plants, marine organisms, vegetables and fruits. Nutraceuticals have shown the potential to reduce the risk of colon cancer and slow its progression. These dietary substances target different molecular aspects of colon cancer development. Accordingly, this review briefly discusses the medicinal importance of nutraceuticals and their ability to reduce the risk of colorectal carcinogenesis

Ayurvedic mediated green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles from marine microalgae Isochrysis sp.

Ayurveda is an Indian traditional medicinal system. Yet Ayurveda remains in living tradition. There has been an increased global interest in traditional medicine systems. Asavas is a novel yet less exploited hydro extraction method in Ayurveda. As green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is widely under exploration in the current research world, synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles by employing the Ayurveda method using marine microalgae is tested in this research. The characterization of metal nanoparticles was confirmed by UV- Visible Spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Through the Arishtas method, gold and silver nanoparticles were successfully isolated from Isochrysis sp. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibit excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Tin-Containing Graphite for Sodium-Ion Batteries and Hybrid Capacitors

The limited Na-storage capacity of graphite anodes for sodium-ion batteries (∼110 mAh g−1) is significantly enhanced by the incorporation of nanosized Sn (17 wt%). The composite (SntGraphite), prepared by simple annealing of graphite with SnCl2, shows a specific capacity of 223 mAh g−1 (at 50 mA g−1) combined with excellent cycle life (i. e., 96 % of capacity retention after 2,200 cycles at 1 A g−1) and initial Coulomb efficiency (90 %). The combined storage of sodium in graphite (by solvent co-intercalation) and Sn (by alloy formation) is followed by in situ X-ray diffraction and in situ electrochemical dilatometry (ECD). While the additional tin almost doubles the electrode capacity, its contribution to the electrode expansion (∼3 %) is surprisingly small. The use of SntGraphite as anode for sodium-ion hybrid capacitors with activated carbon as cathode provides a maximum energy and power density of ∼93 Wh kg−1 and 7.8 kW kg−1, with a capacity retention of ∼80 % after 8,000 cycles.Peer Reviewe

Assessment on the Use of High Capacity “Sn4_{4}P3_{3}”/NHC Composite Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries with Ether and Carbonate Electrolytes

This work reports the facile synthesis of a Sn–P composite combined with nitrogen doped hard carbon (NHC) obtained by ball-milling and its use as electrode material for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). The “Sn$_{4}$P$_{3}$”/NHC electrode (with nominal composition “Sn$_{4}$P$_{3}$”:NHC = 75:25 wt%) when coupled with a diglyme-based electrolyte rather than the most commonly employed carbonate-based systems, exhibits a reversible capacity of 550 mAh g$_{electrode}$$^{−1}$ at 50 mA g$^{−1}$ and 440 mAh g$_{electrode}$$^{−1}$ over 500 cycles (83% capacity retention). Morphology and solid electrolyte interphase formation of cycled “Sn$_{4}$P$_{3}$”/NHC electrodes is studied via electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The expansion of the electrode upon sodiation (300 mAh g$_{electrode}$$^{−1}$) is only about 12–14% as determined by in situ electrochemical dilatometry, giving a reasonable explanation for the excellent cycle life despite the conversion-type storage mechanism. In situ X-ray diffraction shows that the discharge product is Na$_{15}$Sn$_{4}$. The formation of mostly amorphous Na$_{3}$P is derived from the overall (electro)chemical reactions. Upon charge the formation of Sn is observed while amorphous P is derived, which are reversibly alloying with Na in the subsequent cycles. However, the formation of Sn$_{4}$P$_{3}$ can be certainly excluded

Tin‐Containing Graphite for Sodium‐Ion Batteries and Hybrid Capacitors

The limited Na-storage capacity of graphite anodes for sodium-ion batteries (∼110 mAh g−1) is significantly enhanced by the incorporation of nanosized Sn (17 wt%). The composite (SntGraphite), prepared by simple annealing of graphite with SnCl2, shows a specific capacity of 223 mAh g−1 (at 50 mA g−1) combined with excellent cycle life (i. e., 96 % of capacity retention after 2,200 cycles at 1 A g−1) and initial Coulomb efficiency (90 %). The combined storage of sodium in graphite (by solvent co-intercalation) and Sn (by alloy formation) is followed by in situ X-ray diffraction and in situ electrochemical dilatometry (ECD). While the additional tin almost doubles the electrode capacity, its contribution to the electrode expansion (∼3 %) is surprisingly small. The use of SntGraphite as anode for sodium-ion hybrid capacitors with activated carbon as cathode provides a maximum energy and power density of ∼93 Wh kg−1 and 7.8 kW kg−1, with a capacity retention of ∼80 % after 8,000 cycles.Peer Reviewe

Plant polysaccharides for protein binding

Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrates that are made up of many monosaccharide units linked together by glycosidic linkages. They are architecturally complex biomacromolecules because of the different monosaccharides and their infinite ways to form the building blocks with each other

Structuring Porous Iron-Nitrogen-Doped Carbon in a Core/Shell Geometry for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

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