El status jurídico de las yawari: esclavitud femenina en el islam medieval

Durante la Alta Edad Mediaen Oriente Próximo y al-Andalus la sociedad arabo-musulmana era muy compleja, especialmente en el periodo en el que tratamos, donde las síntesis sociales y culturales son muy difíciles de describir. Por ello, el estudio de la mujer es de gran trascendencia, ya que detrás de él está la posibilidad de caracterizar la sociedad en la que se inserta. Bajo la autoridad islámica y una sociedad patriarcal, el estatus de la mujer era distinto en función de si era libre o esclava. Pero la realidad social era mucho más compleja, y entre libertad plena y esclavitud plena se movían diferentes y variados estatus jurídicos. La manumisión ofrecía diferentes derechos y obligaciones regulados por el derecho islámico en función de su nueva personalidad jurídica: ummwalad, mukatabay mudabbara. Para poder abordarlos, el conocimiento de las categorías de esclavas y las funciones que desempeñaban es imprescindible

Rotating models of young solar-type stars : Exploring braking laws and angular momentum transport processes

We study the predicted rotational evolution of solar-type stars from the pre-main sequence to the solar age with 1D rotating evolutionary models including physical ingredients. We computed rotating evolution models of solar-type stars including an external stellar wind torque and internal transport of angular momentum following the method of Maeder and Zahn with the code STAREVOL. We explored different formalisms and prescriptions available from the literature. We tested the predictions of the models against recent rotational period data from extensive photometric surveys, lithium abundances of solar-mass stars in young clusters, and the helioseismic rotation profile of the Sun. We find a best-matching combination of prescriptions for both internal transport and surface extraction of angular momentum. This combination provides a very good fit to the observed evolution of rotational periods for solar-type stars from early evolution to the age of the Sun. Additionally, we show that fast rotators experience a stronger coupling between their radiative region and the convective envelope. Regardless of the set of prescriptions, however, we cannot simultaneously reproduce surface angular velocity and the internal profile of the Sun or the evolution of lithium abundance. We confirm the idea that additional transport mechanisms must occur in solar-type stars until they reach the age of the Sun. Whether these processes are the same as those needed to explain recent asteroseismic data in more advanced evolutionary phases is still an open question.Comment: 16 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Bayesian hierarchical modelling of bacteria growth

Bacterial growth models are commonly used in food safety. Such models permit the prediction of microbial safety and the shelf life of perishable foods. In this paper, we study the problem of modelling bacterial growth when we observe multiple experimental results under identical environmental conditions. We develop a hierarchical version of the Gompertz equation to take into account the possibility of replicated experiments and we show how it can be fitted using a fully Bayesian approach. This approach is illustrated using experimental data from Listeria monocytogenes growth and the results are compared with alternative models. Model selection is undertaken throughout using an appropriate version of the deviance information criterion and the posterior predictive loss criterion. Models are fitted using WinBUGS via R2WinBUGS.Predictive microbiology, Growth models, Gompertz curve, Bayesian hierarchical modelling

On the interactions of turbulent convection and rotation in RGB stars

We have performed the first three-dimensional non-linear simulation of the turbulent convective envelope of a rotating 0.8 Msun RGB star using the ASH code. Adopting a global typical rotation rate of a tenth of the solar rate, we have analyzed the dynamical properties of the convection and the transport of angular momentum within the inner 50% in radius of the convective envelope. The convective patterns consist of a small number of large cell, associated with fast flows (about 3000 m/s) and large temperature fluctuations (about 300 K) in order to carry outward the large luminosity (L* = 400 Lsun) of the star. The interactions between convection and rotation give rise to a large radial differential rotation and a meridional circulation possessing one cell per hemisphere, the flow being poleward in both hemisphere. By analysing the redistribution of angular momentum, we find that the meridional circulation transports the angular momentum outward in the radial direction, and poleward in the latitudinal direction, and that the transport by Reynolds stresses acts in the opposite direction. From this 3-D simulation, we have derived an average radial rotation profile, that we will ultimately introduce back into 1-D stellar evolution code.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, to appear in the proceedings of the IAU Symposium 239 on "Convection in Astrophysics", held in Prague (Czech Republic) in August 200

PUBH 2131 - Introduction to Community and Public Health

Introduces the student to the core functions of public health with an emphasis on community health programs and current trends of population health. Exposes the student to the role of community health practice in maximizing the health status of all populations. Course will include an overview of the organizational structure of federal, state, and local health-related agencies and examine the interrelationship of political, social, cultural and economic dimensions of community based population health activities

PUBH 4134 - Research Methods and Evaluation

This course introduces the student to research methods used in health education and promotion. In addition, this course quizzes the rationale and procedure to evaluate health education/promotion programs. The course focuses on several topics including: research design, methods of program evaluation, planning research and evaluation, the politics and ethics of evaluation, measurement, sampling logistics, data analysis, and the development, in conjunction with Program Planning I (PUBH 4132), of a student project

Exploring the genetic resources of Lens and Rhizobium to improve the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) ability in the lentil crop

Lentil plants (Lens culinaris) have the ability to obtain most of the N they need from N fixation by establishing an efficient symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium. Plant-based diets are gaining the recognition they deserve for sustainability and producing legumes without the use of synthetic N fertilizers is the most sustainable approach. The N fixing ability of representative lentil cultivars, as well as accessions from 6 wild Lens species, was evaluated to determine the potential for wild germplasm to contribute positively to breeding for improved BNF. The contributions of diverse Rhizobium strains from 5 species to lentil productivity under local field conditions was also investigated. Subsequently, the level of specificity of the interactions between Lens accessions and Rhizobium strains with desirable N fixing abilities was explored. How traits related to N fixation are inherited was determined in three interspecific RIL populations from parents displaying contrasting phenotypes. Differential N fixing ability was found among cultivars and wild accessions; no particular species stood out. Wild accessions exhibited indeterminate nodulation, root modifications that responded to different N sources, higher seed percentage protein content, and yields comparable to plants fertilized with synthetic N. CDC Greenstar was the only cultivar with similar yield when inoculated or fertilized. CDC Maxim inoculated with the strain NZLR-24 (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae) had 9% higher yield under field conditions compared to when inoculated the commercial strain BASF 1435 (Rlv) and 15% more compared to a non-inoculated treatment. Some wild accessions demonstrated a promiscuous ability to efficiently fix N with a broad set of strains, but no cultivar did. The higher effective capacity of the strain NZLR-24 (Rlv) was also evident when used to inoculate Lens from 6 species, making it a suitable option for improved inoculants in the Northern Great Plains, as well as showing its value for selection in future breeding efforts. The strain Oyali B (Rlv) was also noteworthy for its superior interaction with wild Lens, and it is an attractive wild-type resource. Sixteen QTL were identified for nodulation traits among the three interspecific populations; eight were meta-QTL found across two or more populations. Chromosomes 1 and 6 had Meta-QTL for number of nodules, nodule weight and specific nodule weight. Chromosome 7 had one for specific nodule weight. This study establishes the necessary groundwork for understanding the role that exotic germplasm can play for the breeding of better N fixation ability in the lentil crop

Identification and Characterization of White Grape Varieties Autochthonous of aWarm Climate Region (Andalusia, Spain)

The high sensitivity of one of the most important crops in the world, such as vine (Vitis vinifera L.), to particular changes caused by the phenomena associated with global warming, is encouraging the wine industry to place value on grape varieties that are autochthonous to each production area. These are generally conserved in germplasm banks and may pose a useful tool to counteract the effects of climate change. In order to determine the actual resource that such varieties constitute, this research has carried out a genetic identification, a morphological characterization, and an analysis of the grape musts obtained from four autochthonous varieties (Cañocazo, Castellano, Mantúo de Pilas, and Palomino Fino). This genetic analysis has allowed the identification of autochthonous varieties with different genotypes. However, all of them had similar phenotypic characteristics in terms of high hair density in adult leaves. With respect to the physicochemical composition of the musts, significant differences have been observed between the autochthonous varieties, with respect to the control variety of Palomino Fino. Nevertheless, all of them have exhibited an adequate physicochemical composition to produce quality white wines. For all of the above reasons, these local varieties should be considered suitable for cultivation in areas with warmer and drier climates, such as Andalusia (Spain)

Estudio de la resolución de problemas matemáticos no rutinarios de docentes de matemáticas en formación: una aproximación a las estrategias heurísticas

En este trabajo se pretende ofrecer una mirada panorámica sobre las estrategias alcances, posibilidades y limitaciones heurísticas que emergen cuando los profesores de matemáticas, en formación, hacen uso de los de la resolución de problemas no rutinarios en su formación, basada en unos problemas clásicos del curso de Resolución de problemas Matemáticos. Se ofrecerá una descripción teórica de los problemas y se estudiarán varias formas de obtener una solución a la luz del uso de las heurísticas