Editorial Introduction

Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology - Peace and Democracy in South Asia, Volume 1, Issue 2, 200

Analysis of Caste-Based Discrimination: Through the Spectacles of Bhimayana: Incidents in the Life of Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar

The caste-system encapsulates the agony, misery and helplessness of a low-caste group called the Untouchables. The upper class uses various means of violence, not necessarily the physical violence always and dominates these people who have a voice but are not allowed to speak. In this journey, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, became a ray of hope. Through the spectacles of Bhimayana: Incidents in the Life of Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, this paper will try to analyse that Education, Money, Posts, etc lose its glory in front of the Caste-based Discrimination. This paper will try to sensitize how being born in a low-caste becomes a sinful offence. It will try to analyse how simply experiencing the trauma of a Dalit, being a Non-Dalit, is different from the harrowing experiences of being born as an Untouchable, who is compelled to face it at every step. This paper will also try to decode and justify the word “Agitation” which acts as an important weapon against the injustice

X-ray spectral state evolution in IGR J17091-3624 and comparison of its heartbeat oscillation properties with those of GRS 1915+105

In this work, we study the X-ray timing and spectral evolution of the transient low mass X-ray binary IGR J17091-3624 during first 66 days of its 2011 outburst. We present results obtained from observations with two instruments, Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE)/Proportional Counter Array (PCA) and SWIFT/X-ray telescope (XRT), between 09 February, 2011 and 15 April, 2011. Using quasi-periodic oscillation classifications, power density spectrum characteristics, time-lag behavior and energy spectral properties, we determine source states and their transitions at different times of the outburst. During the first part of the evolution, the source followed trends usually observed from transient black hole X-ray binaries (BHXBs). Interestingly, a gradual transition is observed in IGR J17091-3624 from the low-variability SIMS, commonly seen in BHXBs, to a high-variability state with regular, repetitive and structured pulsations, seen only from GRS 1915+105 (also known as 'rho' class variability/'heartbeat' oscillations). We study the time evolution of characteristic time-scale, quality factor and rms amplitude of heartbeat oscillations in IGR J17091-3624. We also present a detailed comparison of the timing and spectral properties of heartbeat oscillations and their evolution in IGR J17091-3624 and GRS 1915+105.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in the Ap

Evidence of two unique variability classes from IGR J17091-3624

IGR J17091-3624 is the second black hole X-ray binary after GRS 1915+105, which showed large and distinct variabilities. The study of these variability classes can be useful to understand the accretion-ejection mechanisms of accreting black holes, and hence to probe the strong gravity regime. We report the discovery of two new variability classes (C1 and C2) from IGR J17091-3624 from the 2011 outburst Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer data. These unique classes will be useful to have complete details about the source, and to learn new aspects about variabilities. For examples, the C1 class shows that the intensity and period of oscillations, energy spectrum and power spectrum can clearly evolve in tens of seconds. Moreover, in such a small time scale, soft-lag becomes hard-lag. The C2 class shows that the variability and the nonvariability can occur at similar energy spectrum, and a soft state is not required for variability to happen.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letter

Comparison of time/phase lags in the hard state and plateau state of GRS 1915+105

We investigate the complex behavior of energy- and frequency-dependent time/phase lags in the plateau state and the radio-quiet hard state of GRS 1915+105. In our timing analysis, we find that when the source is faint in the radio, QPOs are observed above 2 Hz and typically exhibit soft lags (soft photons lag hard photons), whereas QPOs in the radio-bright plateau state are found below 2.2 Hz and consistently show hard lags. The phase lag at the QPO frequency is strongly anti-correlated with the QPO frequency, changing sign at 2.2 Hz. However, the phase lag at the frequency of the first harmonic is positive and nearly independent of frequency at at ~0.172 rad, regardless of the radio emission. The lag-energy dependence at the first harmonic is also independent of radio flux. However, the lags at the QPO frequency are negative at all energies during the radio-quiet state, but lags at the QPO frequency during the plateau state are positive at all energies and show a 'reflection-type' evolution of the lag-energy spectra with respect to the radio-quiet state. The lag-energy dependence is roughly logarithmic, but there is some evidence for a break around 4-6 keV. Finally, the Fourier frequency-dependent phase lag spectra are fairly flat during the plateau state, but increase from negative to positive during the radio-quiet state. We discuss the implications of our results in the light of some generic models.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Ap