35 research outputs found

    Étude biochimique et gĂ©nĂ©tique des anomalies de la voie sĂ©rotonine-mĂ©latonine comme facteurs de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© Ă  l autisme

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    Les troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) sont dĂ©finis par l association de troubles des interactions sociales, de troubles du langage et de comportements stĂ©rĂ©otypĂ©s et intĂ©rĂȘts restreints. Cette entitĂ© recouvre en rĂ©alitĂ© des situations cliniques trĂšs hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes, tant par le spectre de sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© des symptĂŽmes que par la variĂ©tĂ© des comorbiditĂ©s et signes associĂ©s. Si l Ă©tiologie gĂ©nĂ©tique semble prĂ©pondĂ©rante, les mĂ©canismes molĂ©culaires impliquĂ©s semblent complexes et hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes, et les associations gĂ©notype-phĂ©notype inconstantes. Une stratĂ©gie possible pour dĂ©composer cette hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© clinique et gĂ©nĂ©tique consiste Ă  s appuyer sur des endophĂ©notypes, ou phĂ©notypes intermĂ©diaires, pour dĂ©finir des catĂ©gories plus homogĂšnes sur le plan physiopathologique. Parmi les nombreux endophĂ©notypes biologiques dĂ©crits dans les TSA, l augmentation de la sĂ©rotonine sanguine est l un des mieux documentĂ©s, mais les mĂ©canismes en sont encore inconnus. Des dĂ©ficits en mĂ©latonine (qui est un dĂ©rivĂ© de la sĂ©rotonine) ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© rapportĂ©s par plusieurs Ă©tudes. L objectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait de caractĂ©riser les anomalies de la voie sĂ©rotonine-mĂ©latonine dans les TSA, et d en Ă©tudier les mĂ©canismes et les corrĂ©lats cliniques. L exploration exhaustive de la voie sĂ©rotonine-mĂ©latonine Ă  partir de prĂ©lĂšvements sanguins dans une grande cohorte de plus de 200 patients avec TSA et leurs apparentĂ©s a permis d estimer la prĂ©valence de l hypersĂ©rotoninĂ©mie dans les TSA Ă  45%, et celle du dĂ©ficit en mĂ©latonine Ă  environ 60%. Cette Ă©tude a mis en Ă©vidence des anomalies du catabolisme de la sĂ©rotonine ainsi que des anomalies de la synthĂšse de la mĂ©latonine, et a ainsi permis de proposer des mĂ©canismes biochimiques Ă  ces deux endophĂ©notypes. Les anomalies de synthĂšse de la mĂ©latonine, qui pourraient s accompagner d une augmentation de la N-acĂ©tylsĂ©rotonine, ont Ă©tĂ© confirmĂ©es sur des Ă©chantillons de glandes pinĂ©ales et de tractus gastro-intestinal (sources majeures de mĂ©latonine et de sĂ©rotonine de l organisme) issus de patients avec TSA. Les gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans la synthĂšse de la mĂ©latonine (gĂšnes codant pour les enzymes AANAT et ASMT) ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s dans les TSA, ainsi que dans des pathologies neurodĂ©veloppementales connexes. Les anomalies de la synthĂšse de mĂ©latonine pourraient ĂȘtre associĂ©es aux troubles du sommeil, frĂ©quents chez les patients avec TSAAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are defined by three core symptoms: social interaction impairments, language impairments, and stereotyped behavior and restricted interests. Beyond this definition lie extremely diverse clinical situations, in terms of symptoms severity as well as comorbidities and associated features. The aetiology of ASD is considered to be mostly genetic, but the molecular mechanisms involved seem to be complex and heterogeneous, and the genotype-phenotype associations elusive. One possible strategy for decomposing the clinical and genetic complexity is to focus on endophenotypes, or intermediate phenotypes, to define more homogeneous pathophysiological categories. Among many biological endophenotypes reported in ASD, the increase of blood serotonin is well documented but still unexplained. Deficits in melatonin (which chemically derives from serotonin) have also been described. The aim of this work was to characterize the impairments of the serotonin-melatonin pathway in ASD, and to address their mechanisms and clinical correlates. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the serotonin-melatonin pathway from blood samples in a large cohort of 200 patients with ASD and their relatives, the prevalence of hyperserotonemia in ASD was estimated to be 45%, and that of melatonin deficit about 60%. Impairments of serotonin catabolism were shown, as well as impairments of melatonin synthesis, thus providing biochemical mechanisms for both endophenotypes. Abnormal melatonin synthesis, which may involve an increase in N-acetylserotonin, was confirmed on pineal gland and gastro-intestinal tract samples (i.e. the major sources of melatonin and serotonin) from patients with ASD. The genes involved in melatonin synthesis (coding for AANAT and ASMT enzymes) were studied in ASD and in related neurodevelopmental disorders. Abnormal melatonin synthesis may be associated with sleep disorders, frequently observed in patients with ASDPARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Identification of Pathway-Biased and Deleterious Melatonin Receptor Mutants in Autism Spectrum Disorders and in the General Population

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    Melatonin is a powerful antioxidant and a synchronizer of many physiological processes. Alteration of the melatonin pathway has been reported in circadian disorders, diabetes and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, very little is known about the genetic variability of melatonin receptors in humans. Here, we sequenced the melatonin receptor MTNR1A and MTNR1B, genes coding for MT1 and MT2 receptors, respectively, in a large panel of 941 individuals including 295 patients with ASD, 362 controls and 284 individuals from different ethnic backgrounds. We also sequenced GPR50, coding for the orphan melatonin-related receptor GPR50 in patients and controls. We identified six non-synonymous mutations for MTNR1A and ten for MTNR1B. The majority of these variations altered receptor function. Particularly interesting mutants are MT1-I49N, which is devoid of any melatonin binding and cell surface expression, and MT1-G166E and MT1-I212T, which showed severely impaired cell surface expression. Of note, several mutants possessed pathway-selective signaling properties, some preferentially inhibiting the adenylyl cyclase pathway, others preferentially activating the MAPK pathway. The prevalence of these deleterious mutations in cases and controls indicates that they do not represent major risk factor for ASD (MTNR1A case 3.6% vs controls 4.4%; MTNR1B case 4.7% vs 3% controls). Concerning GPR50, we detected a significant association between ASD and two variations, Δ502–505 and T532A, in affected males, but it did not hold up after Bonferonni correction for multiple testing. Our results represent the first functional ascertainment of melatonin receptors in humans and constitute a basis for future structure-function studies and for interpreting genetic data on the melatonin pathway in patients

    Biochemical and genetic study of the impairements of the serotonin-melatonin pathway as suceptibility factors to autism

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    Les troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) sont dĂ©finis par l’association de troubles des interactions sociales, de troubles du langage et de comportements stĂ©rĂ©otypĂ©s et intĂ©rĂȘts restreints. Cette entitĂ© recouvre en rĂ©alitĂ© des situations cliniques trĂšs hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes, tant par le spectre de sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© des symptĂŽmes que par la variĂ©tĂ© des comorbiditĂ©s et signes associĂ©s. Si l’étiologie gĂ©nĂ©tique semble prĂ©pondĂ©rante, les mĂ©canismes molĂ©culaires impliquĂ©s semblent complexes et hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes, et les associations gĂ©notype-phĂ©notype inconstantes. Une stratĂ©gie possible pour dĂ©composer cette hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© clinique et gĂ©nĂ©tique consiste Ă  s’appuyer sur des endophĂ©notypes, ou phĂ©notypes intermĂ©diaires, pour dĂ©finir des catĂ©gories plus homogĂšnes sur le plan physiopathologique. Parmi les nombreux endophĂ©notypes biologiques dĂ©crits dans les TSA, l’augmentation de la sĂ©rotonine sanguine est l’un des mieux documentĂ©s, mais les mĂ©canismes en sont encore inconnus. Des dĂ©ficits en mĂ©latonine (qui est un dĂ©rivĂ© de la sĂ©rotonine) ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© rapportĂ©s par plusieurs Ă©tudes. L’objectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait de caractĂ©riser les anomalies de la voie sĂ©rotonine-mĂ©latonine dans les TSA, et d’en Ă©tudier les mĂ©canismes et les corrĂ©lats cliniques. L’exploration exhaustive de la voie sĂ©rotonine-mĂ©latonine Ă  partir de prĂ©lĂšvements sanguins dans une grande cohorte de plus de 200 patients avec TSA et leurs apparentĂ©s a permis d’estimer la prĂ©valence de l’hypersĂ©rotoninĂ©mie dans les TSA Ă  45%, et celle du dĂ©ficit en mĂ©latonine Ă  environ 60%. Cette Ă©tude a mis en Ă©vidence des anomalies du catabolisme de la sĂ©rotonine ainsi que des anomalies de la synthĂšse de la mĂ©latonine, et a ainsi permis de proposer des mĂ©canismes biochimiques Ă  ces deux endophĂ©notypes. Les anomalies de synthĂšse de la mĂ©latonine, qui pourraient s’accompagner d’une augmentation de la N-acĂ©tylsĂ©rotonine, ont Ă©tĂ© confirmĂ©es sur des Ă©chantillons de glandes pinĂ©ales et de tractus gastro-intestinal (sources majeures de mĂ©latonine et de sĂ©rotonine de l’organisme) issus de patients avec TSA. Les gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans la synthĂšse de la mĂ©latonine (gĂšnes codant pour les enzymes AANAT et ASMT) ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s dans les TSA, ainsi que dans des pathologies neurodĂ©veloppementales connexes. Les anomalies de la synthĂšse de mĂ©latonine pourraient ĂȘtre associĂ©es aux troubles du sommeil, frĂ©quents chez les patients avec TSAAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are defined by three core symptoms: social interaction impairments, language impairments, and stereotyped behavior and restricted interests. Beyond this definition lie extremely diverse clinical situations, in terms of symptoms severity as well as comorbidities and associated features. The aetiology of ASD is considered to be mostly genetic, but the molecular mechanisms involved seem to be complex and heterogeneous, and the genotype-phenotype associations elusive. One possible strategy for decomposing the clinical and genetic complexity is to focus on endophenotypes, or intermediate phenotypes, to define more homogeneous pathophysiological categories. Among many biological endophenotypes reported in ASD, the increase of blood serotonin is well documented but still unexplained. Deficits in melatonin (which chemically derives from serotonin) have also been described. The aim of this work was to characterize the impairments of the serotonin-melatonin pathway in ASD, and to address their mechanisms and clinical correlates. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the serotonin-melatonin pathway from blood samples in a large cohort of 200 patients with ASD and their relatives, the prevalence of hyperserotonemia in ASD was estimated to be 45%, and that of melatonin deficit about 60%. Impairments of serotonin catabolism were shown, as well as impairments of melatonin synthesis, thus providing biochemical mechanisms for both endophenotypes. Abnormal melatonin synthesis, which may involve an increase in N-acetylserotonin, was confirmed on pineal gland and gastro-intestinal tract samples (i.e. the major sources of melatonin and serotonin) from patients with ASD. The genes involved in melatonin synthesis (coding for AANAT and ASMT enzymes) were studied in ASD and in related neurodevelopmental disorders. Abnormal melatonin synthesis may be associated with sleep disorders, frequently observed in patients with AS

    Étude biochimique et gĂ©nĂ©tique des anomalies de la voie sĂ©rotonine-mĂ©latonine comme facteurs de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© Ă  lÊŒautisme

    No full text
    Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are defined by three core symptoms: social interaction impairments, language impairments, and stereotyped behavior and restricted interests. Beyond this definition lie extremely diverse clinical situations, in terms of symptoms severity as well as comorbidities and associated features. The aetiology of ASD is considered to be mostly genetic, but the molecular mechanisms involved seem to be complex and heterogeneous, and the genotype-phenotype associations elusive. One possible strategy for decomposing the clinical and genetic complexity is to focus on endophenotypes, or intermediate phenotypes, to define more homogeneous pathophysiological categories. Among many biological endophenotypes reported in ASD, the increase of blood serotonin is well documented but still unexplained. Deficits in melatonin (which chemically derives from serotonin) have also been described. The aim of this work was to characterize the impairments of the serotonin-melatonin pathway in ASD, and to address their mechanisms and clinical correlates. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the serotonin-melatonin pathway from blood samples in a large cohort of 200 patients with ASD and their relatives, the prevalence of hyperserotonemia in ASD was estimated to be 45%, and that of melatonin deficit about 60%. Impairments of serotonin catabolism were shown, as well as impairments of melatonin synthesis, thus providing biochemical mechanisms for both endophenotypes. Abnormal melatonin synthesis, which may involve an increase in N-acetylserotonin, was confirmed on pineal gland and gastro-intestinal tract samples (i.e. the major sources of melatonin and serotonin) from patients with ASD. The genes involved in melatonin synthesis (coding for AANAT and ASMT enzymes) were studied in ASD and in related neurodevelopmental disorders. Abnormal melatonin synthesis may be associated with sleep disorders, frequently observed in patients with ASDLes troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) sont dĂ©finis par l’association de troubles des interactions sociales, de troubles du langage et de comportements stĂ©rĂ©otypĂ©s et intĂ©rĂȘts restreints. Cette entitĂ© recouvre en rĂ©alitĂ© des situations cliniques trĂšs hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes, tant par le spectre de sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© des symptĂŽmes que par la variĂ©tĂ© des comorbiditĂ©s et signes associĂ©s. Si l’étiologie gĂ©nĂ©tique semble prĂ©pondĂ©rante, les mĂ©canismes molĂ©culaires impliquĂ©s semblent complexes et hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes, et les associations gĂ©notype-phĂ©notype inconstantes. Une stratĂ©gie possible pour dĂ©composer cette hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© clinique et gĂ©nĂ©tique consiste Ă  s’appuyer sur des endophĂ©notypes, ou phĂ©notypes intermĂ©diaires, pour dĂ©finir des catĂ©gories plus homogĂšnes sur le plan physiopathologique. Parmi les nombreux endophĂ©notypes biologiques dĂ©crits dans les TSA, l’augmentation de la sĂ©rotonine sanguine est l’un des mieux documentĂ©s, mais les mĂ©canismes en sont encore inconnus. Des dĂ©ficits en mĂ©latonine (qui est un dĂ©rivĂ© de la sĂ©rotonine) ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© rapportĂ©s par plusieurs Ă©tudes. L’objectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait de caractĂ©riser les anomalies de la voie sĂ©rotonine-mĂ©latonine dans les TSA, et d’en Ă©tudier les mĂ©canismes et les corrĂ©lats cliniques. L’exploration exhaustive de la voie sĂ©rotonine-mĂ©latonine Ă  partir de prĂ©lĂšvements sanguins dans une grande cohorte de plus de 200 patients avec TSA et leurs apparentĂ©s a permis d’estimer la prĂ©valence de l’hypersĂ©rotoninĂ©mie dans les TSA Ă  45%, et celle du dĂ©ficit en mĂ©latonine Ă  environ 60%. Cette Ă©tude a mis en Ă©vidence des anomalies du catabolisme de la sĂ©rotonine ainsi que des anomalies de la synthĂšse de la mĂ©latonine, et a ainsi permis de proposer des mĂ©canismes biochimiques Ă  ces deux endophĂ©notypes. Les anomalies de synthĂšse de la mĂ©latonine, qui pourraient s’accompagner d’une augmentation de la N-acĂ©tylsĂ©rotonine, ont Ă©tĂ© confirmĂ©es sur des Ă©chantillons de glandes pinĂ©ales et de tractus gastro-intestinal (sources majeures de mĂ©latonine et de sĂ©rotonine de l’organisme) issus de patients avec TSA. Les gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans la synthĂšse de la mĂ©latonine (gĂšnes codant pour les enzymes AANAT et ASMT) ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s dans les TSA, ainsi que dans des pathologies neurodĂ©veloppementales connexes. Les anomalies de la synthĂšse de mĂ©latonine pourraient ĂȘtre associĂ©es aux troubles du sommeil, frĂ©quents chez les patients avec TS

    Caractérisation des anomalies de synthÚse de la mélatonine dans les Troubles du Spectre Autistique

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    Les troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) sont dĂ©finis par l association de troubles des interactions sociales, de troubles du langage et de comportements stĂ©rĂ©otypĂ©s et intĂ©rĂȘts restreints. Ils relĂšvent d un paradigme de pathologies complexes et hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes. Parmi les nombreux endophĂ©notypes biologiques dĂ©crits dans les TSA, l augmentation de la sĂ©rotonine sanguine est l un des mieux documentĂ©s, mais les mĂ©canismes en sont encore inconnus. Des dĂ©ficits en mĂ©latonine (qui est un dĂ©rivĂ© de la sĂ©rotonine) ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© rapportĂ©s par plusieurs Ă©tudes. L objectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait de caractĂ©riser les anomalies de la voie sĂ©rotonine-mĂ©latonine dans les TSA, et d en Ă©tudier les mĂ©canismes et les corrĂ©lats cliniques. L exploration exhaustive de la voie sĂ©rotonine-mĂ©latonine Ă  partir des prĂ©lĂšvements sanguins dans une cohorte de plus de 200 patients avec TSA et leurs apparentĂ©s a permis d estimer la prĂ©valence de l hypersĂ©rotoninĂ©mie dans les TSA Ă  45%, et celle du dĂ©ficit en mĂ©latonine Ă  environ 60%. Cette Ă©tude a mis en Ă©vidence des anomalies de la synthĂšse de la mĂ©latonine, qui affectent les deux enzymes (AANAT et ASMT) impliquĂ©es dans cette synthĂšse, et pourraient s accompagner d une augmentation de la N-acĂ©tylsĂ©rotonine. Ces anomalies ont Ă©tĂ© confirmĂ©es sur des Ă©chantillons de glandes pinĂ©ales et de tractus gastro-intestinal (sources majeures de mĂ©latonine et de sĂ©rotonine de l organisme) issus de patients avec TSA. Les gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans la synthĂšse de la mĂ©latonine ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s. Les anomalies de la synthĂšse de mĂ©latonine pourraient ĂȘtre associĂ©es aux troubles du sommeil, frĂ©quents chez les patients avec TSA.CHATENAY M.-PARIS 11-BU Pharma. (920192101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Impact of IDO activation and alterations in the kynurenine pathway on hyperserotonemia, NAD+ production, and AhR activation in autism spectrum disorder

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    Abstract Hyperserotonemia is the most replicated biochemical anomaly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and has been reported in 35–46% of individuals with ASD. Serotonin is synthesised from the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP). However, the main catabolic route of TRP is the kynurenine pathway (KP), which competes with serotonin synthesis when indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO) is activated. Using the same cohort of individuals with ASD, we used to report extensive studies of the serotonin/melatonin pathway, and found increased kynurenine (KYN), suggesting IDO activation in 58.7% of individuals with ASD (159/271), supported by a strong negative correlation between KYN/TRP ratio and miR-153-3p plasma levels, which negatively regulates IDO. IDO activation was associated with normoserotonemia, suggesting that IDO activation could mask hyperserotonemia which meant that hyperserotonemia, if not masked by IDO activation, could be present in ~94% of individuals with ASD. We also identified several KP alterations, independent of IDO status. We observed a decrease in the activity of 3-hydroxyanthranilate dioxygenase which translated into the accumulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) selective ligand cinnabarinic acid, itself strongly positively correlated with the AhR target stanniocalcin 2. We also found a deficit in NAD+ production, the end-product of the KP, which was strongly correlated with plasma levels of oxytocin used as a stereotypical neuropeptide, indicating that regulated neuropeptide secretion could be limiting. These results strongly suggest that individuals with ASD exhibit low-grade chronic inflammation that is mediated in most cases by chronic AhR activation that could be associated with the highly prevalent gastrointestinal disorders observed in ASD, and explained IDO activation in ~58% of the cases. Taken together, these results extend biochemical anomalies of TRP catabolism to KP and posit TRP catabolism as a possible major component of ASD pathophysiology

    Production of soluble, active acetyl serotonin methyl transferase in Leishmania tarentolae

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    International audienceN-acetyl serotonin methyl transferase (ASMT) is the last enzyme in the melatonin synthesis pathway. Evidence linking autism-related disorders with disorders of melatonin metabolism, and, more specifically, with mutations of the gene encoding ASMT, prompted us to investigate the properties and localization of this enzyme. As a first step, we undertook to overproduce the protein in a recombinant host. Early attempts to produce ASMT in recombinant Escherichia coli yielded only insoluble and heavily degraded material. However, recombinant ASMT (rASMT) could be produced in soluble, active form and purified in milligram amounts when the gene was cloned and expressed in Leishmania tarentolae

    Mass‐spectrometry analysis of the human pineal proteome during night and day and in autism

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    International audienceThe human pineal gland regulates day‐night dynamics of multiple physiological processes, especially through the secretion of melatonin. Using mass spectrometry‐based proteomics and dedicated analysis tools, we identify proteins in the human pineal gland and analyze systematically their variation throughout the day, and, compare these changes in the pineal proteome between control specimens and donors diagnosed with autism. Results reveal diverse regulated clusters of proteins with, among others, catabolic carbohydrate process and cytoplasmic membrane‐bounded vesicle‐related proteins differing between day and night and/or control versus autism pineal glands. These data show novel and unexpected processes happening in the human pineal gland during the day/night rhythm as well as specific differences between autism donor pineal glands and those from controls

    Contribution of tandem mass spectrometry to the diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders

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    International audienceTandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a highly sensitive and specific technique. Thanks to the development of triple quadrupole analyzers, it is becoming more widely used in laboratories working in the field of inborn errors of metabolism. We review here the state of the art of this technique applied to the diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) and how MS/MS has changed the diagnostic rationale in recent years. This fine technology brings more sensitive, specific, and reliable methods than the previous biochemical ones for the analysis of urinary glycosaminoglycans, oligosarcharides, and sialic acid. In sphingolipidoses, the quantification of urinary sphingolipids (globotriaosylecramide, sulfatides) is possible. The measurement of new plasmatic biomarkers such as oxysterols, bile acids, and lysosphingolipids allows the screening of many sphingolipidoses and related disorders (Niemann-Pick type C), replacing tedious biochemical techniques. Applied to amniotic fluid, a more reliable prenatal diagnosis or screening of LSDs is now available for fetuses presenting with antenatal manifestations. Applied to enzyme measurements, it allows high throughput assays for the screening of large populations, even newborn screening. The advent of this new method can modify the diagnostic rationale behind LSDs
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