KARAKTERISTIK PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA KORPORASI DALAM TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI

Dalam sistem hukum di Indonesia, Korporasi adalah subjek hukum buatan yang dapat dikenakan pertanggungjawaban pidana sebagai subyek hukum (Rechtpersoon), korporasi bukan hanya diberi kewenangan untuk bertindak seperti individu, tetapi ditambah dengan kebebasan yang besar dalam menjalankan kegiatan ekonomi.Penelitian di lakukan dengan metode kuantitatif dan pendekatan normative dengan melihat ketentuan hukum pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi di Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ditemukan bahwa hukum positif di Indonesia mengatur hal yang berkaitan dengan pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi yang relevan dengan kasus-kasus tindak pidana korupsi yang dilakukan oleh korporasi, namun pada saat itu tidak mengatur pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi, oleh karena itu semua kasus yang menggunakan proses peradilan pidana didasarkan pada pertanggungjawaban perorangan yang pada umumnya adalah para pengurus atau pemegang saham atau orang yang memegang peran penting dalam beroperasinya korporasi tersebut, Dengan demikian konstruksi penyidikan dan penuntutan perkara, didasarkan pada perbuatan individu dan tidak berorientasi pada pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi itu sendiri, sehingga korporasi tidak di tuntut ataupun didakwa, padahal korporasi sudah dianggap mampu melakukan tindak pidana,  maka semestinya harus dianggap mampu bertanggung jawab sebagaimana pertanggungjawaban orang perorangan, sehingga terlihat penarapan Undang-undang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi yang pelakunya tidak saja orang namun juga korporasi, karena Undang-undang diluar KUHP mengakui manusia (naturlijk persoon) dan korporasi sebagai subjek delik. Kata Kunci   :  Karakteristik Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi Dalam Tindak Pidana Korupsi

EKSPLORASI DESAIN TIPOGRAFIBERBASIS FLORA SAYURAN

Karya tipografi ini adalah salah satu bentuk apresiasi penulis terhadap perkembangan sayuran yang ada di daerah Jawa Barat yang terinspirasi dari bawang merah, wortel, tomat, kentang, dan kubis. Ke lima jenis sayuran tersebut sudah menjadi prioritas atau komoditas unggulan dari daerah Jawa Barat. Melihat betapa pentingnya sayuran itu terhadap lingkungan dan penghidupan masyarakat terutama para petani, maka penulis menginspirasikan karya tipografi ini bisa mengangkat lewat sebuah desain yang diaplikasikan pada logo, kemasan, poster, dan untuk kepentingan pemasaran produk-produk pertanian lainnya. Rumusan masalah penciptaan bagaimana konsep pembuatan karya, kreasi pembentukan huruf, dan deskripsi visual kreasi pada karya tipografi. Metode dalam penciptaan ini, melalui proses ide berkarya, kontemplasi, stimulasi berkarya, pengolahan ide, proses berkarya seperti pembuatan sketsa, persiapan alat, tahap mengolah dari bentuk asli ke bentuk tipografi flora sayuran, tahap membentuk objek-objek dalam bentuk huruf, tahap editing desain, print out, dan tahap finishing. Penulis memiliki konsep ingin menciptakan desain tipografi yang unik dengan dasar pengembangan melalui sebuah karya yang mengutamakan karakter dari sayuran itu sendiri, memodifikasi huruf dasar yang sudah ada sehingga memunculkan kreasi huruf yang baru. Kreasi jenis huruf yang dibuat memiliki unsur (typeface) yang ditampilkan adalah serif dan Sans Serif (tanpa kait), Anatomi huruf ini disesuaikan dengan bentuk sayuran dan mempunyai daya keterbacaan, keteraturan dan kejelasan yang baik, sehingga bisa dibaca oleh semua kalangan masyarakat. Deskripsi visual pada karya ini sudah disesuaikan dengan peraturan dasar sebuah pembuatan tipografi dengan sumber-sumber yang jelas. Dari pembuatan karya desain tipografi ini diharapkan dapat menjadi tolak-ukur dan pemicu lahirnya pembuatan karya-karya lainnya. This typography work is a form of the researcher’s appreciation of vegetable growth in West Java which is inspired from the onion, carrots, tomatoes, potatoes, and cabbage. These five types of vegetables has become a priority or leading commodity in West Java. The author saw the importance of vegetables on the environment and people's lives, especially the farmers, the researcher inspired typography work can lift through a design that is applied on the logo, packaging, posters, and other forms of marketing interests of other agricultural products. Formulation of the problem of concept in making work of creation, creation formation of letters, and visual description creations on typography work. The method in this creation, through the process of idea work, contemplation, stimulation works, processing ideas, work processes such as sketching, preparation of tools, processing phase of the original shape to floral typography vegetables form, the stage of forming objects in the form of letters, editing stage design, print out, and finishing stages. The researcher wants to create a unique typography design with basic development through a work-oriented character of the vegetable itself, modifying the existing basic letter that raises new creation of the letter. Creations made typeface has an element (typeface) which is shown in berserif and sans serif (without serifs), anatomy of this alphabet is adapted from vegetables’ shape and they have legibility power, order, and good explanation, so that it can be read by all people. Visual descriptions in this work has been adapted to the basic rules of a typography-making with clear sources. From the making of typographic design work is expected to be a benchmark and trigger the establishment of the other works

Pemurnian Selulosa Alfa Pelepah Sawit Menggunakan Enzim Xylanase

Midrib of palm oil is the most solid wastes which produced in oil palm plantations. Palm midrib is contained of 34.89% α-cellulose content percentage that can be improved with cooking using the extract solution ash of palm empty fruit bunches (Padil, 2010) and continued with the process of purification using xylanase enzyme. Higher content of Cellulose-α can be processed into a more commercially product. Cellulose-α> 92% qualified to be used as the main raw material (nitrocellulose) or making explosives and propellants. Stages of the purification process a palm midrib cellulose is extraction, hydrolysis, delignification and purification using xylanase enzyme with variations process is temperature (50, 60 and 70 ° C), enzyme dose (1, 2 and 3 ml) and the source of the enzyme (Aspergillus and Trichoderma sp so). Purification process operating conditions are: pH 5, time 90 minutes, the solid-solution 1:25. Content of purified cellulose-α increased to 96.60% for variable temperature at 60 ° C, 3 ml dose of enzymes and enzyme xylanase from Aspergillus sp

Proses Pemurnian Selulosa Pelepah Sawit sebagai Bahan Baku Nitrolesulosa dengan Variasi PH dan Konsentrasi H2O2

One of the raw materials for propellant or explosive double base type is nitrocellulose. Availability of cellulose which is the main component of biomass is very abundant in Indonesia, particularly solid waste palm oil industry. With cellulose content of 34.89%, palm midrib is one solid waste palm with potential to be used as the main raw material cellulose. Purity cellulose levels that must be achieved to produce nitrocellulose propellant as raw material is more than 92%. So as to improve the purity of the cellulose in the palm midrib must be purified using hydrogen peroxide, which is initiated by the hydrolysis with EFB ash extract. Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical that can be used for the bleaching process, because this compound is more environmentally friendly than chlorine. The purpose of this is to obtain the best conditions to obtain cellulose purity of more than 92%. The bleaching process is done by varying the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%) and pH (8, 9, 10, 11, 12). Pulp composition analysis of purified cellulose. Obtained the best process conditions is the concentration of 3% hydrogen peroxide and pH 9 with 95.11% purity cellulose

Pembuatan Nitroselulosa dari Selulosa Hasil Pemurnian Pelepah Sawit dengan Hidrogen Peroksida (H2O2) sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Propelan

Nitrocellulose is a polymer used as materials for propellant. Manufacture of nitrocellulose done with cellulose nitration process. Nitration of cellulose is a reaction force substitution or replacement of H+ from –OH- groups in cellulose contained in the NO2+ cluster of nitric acid (HNO3). Cellulose to be used is sourced from waste palm midrib. The purpose of this study is to obtain the best conditions of temperature and time nitration that α- cellulose nitration process to produce nitrocellulose with a high nitrogen content. Palm midrib cellulose purified before entering the nitration process. Stages of the purification process a palm midrib cellulose is extraction, hydrolysis, delignification and purification with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). After the purification process, the next step is the process of nitration of cellulose with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Nitration process is done with the variation of temperature and reaction time. Nitrocellulose nitrogen levels will be analyzed with Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). The best conditions in the nitration process took 30 minutes with the temperature of 90 oC. Nitrogen levels were estimated on nitrocellulose > 12% so it can be used as raw material for the manufacture of propellants

PEMIKIRAN MUHAMMAD HATTA TENTANG EKONOMI KERAKYATAN DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF ISLAM

Fokus penelitian ini adalah mengenai pemikiran Muhammad Hatta tentang Ekonomi Kerakyatan ditinjau dari perspektif Islam. Perhatian Muhammad Hatta terhadap rakyat miskin yang tertindas dan teraniaya oleh struktur sosial, mendorong beliau untuk melahirkan pemikiran-pemikirannya yang berpihak kepada rakyat yang teraniaya. Salah satu dari pemikiran Muhammad Hatta yang pro-kerakyatan adalah tentang bagaimana mempersatukan rakyat miskin di Indonesia dalam pengembangan usaha koperasi yang berbasis kekeluargaan, supaya mereka bisa bekerja sama dalam meningkatkan taraf perekonomiannya. Adapun permasalahan yang dirumuskan dalam skripsi ini adalah, pertama, bagaimana pemikiran Muhammad Hatta tentang ekonomi kerakyatan?; kedua, bagaimana tinjauan Islam terhadap ekonomi kerakyatan? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pemikiran Muhammad Hatta tentang ekonomi kerakyatannya (konsep koperasi) dan mengetahui sejauh mana paralelitas/kesejalanan antara pemikiran Muhammad Hatta dengan ajaran Islam. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian library research (penelitian pustaka), yaitu penelitian yang bersumberkan pada studi kepustakaan, dengan mengkaji buku-buku yang ada untuk mencari penjelasan lebih lanjut mengenai permasalahan yang akan diteliti. Dalam hal ini, sumber data yang akan digunakan dibagi menjadi dua yaitu, sumber data primer dan sumber data sekunder. Berdasarkan hasil analisa data dan pembahasan, maka untuk menjawab rumusan masalah yang pertama dapat disimpulkan: (1). Menurut Hatta, hal yang dianggap penting dalam upaya mengentaskan kemiskinan rakyat Indonesia adalah dalam segi “kerjasama ekonomi”; (2). Hatta berpandangan bahwa dasar ekonomi rakyat mestilah usaha bersama yang dikerjakan secara kekeluargaan yang maksudnya ialah koperasi; (3). Pendirian koperasi ditujukan untuk membantu rakyat miskin dalam pemenuhan kebutuhannya, seperti memberikan harga murah serta melindungi rakyat dari kecurangan yang dilakukan oleh sebagian pelaku ekonomi; (4). Koperasi didirikan berdasarkan atas dua semangat, yaitu: Semangat Individualitet (kesadaran akan harga diri) dan Semangat Solidaritet (kebersamaan/gotong royong); (5). Faktor yang menjadi penyebab kemiskinan rakyat Indonesia pada saat itu diantaranya: pertama, Perekonomian dengan produksi besar di kuasai oleh bangsa asing (produksi industri, produksi perkebunan, ekspor-impor dll); kedua, Usaha rakyat bergerak hanya dalam skala kecil (sebagai buruh kecil, petani kecil, pegawai kecil, kuli dll); ketiga, Banyaknya rakyat miskin yang terjerat oleh rentenir, karena disebabkan oleh keterbatasan modal yang dimiliki masyarakat sehingga dengan terpaksa mereka harus meminjam tambahan modal kepada para “lintah darat”; keempat, Lemahnya daya beli masyarakat dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya; kelima,Adanya pelaku ekonomi yang memonopoli harga pasar. Sedangkan untuk menjawab rumusan masalah yang kedua, dapat disimpulkan bahwa, hal-hal yang telah di bahas dalam penelitian ini menunjukan adanya keserasian antara konsep koperasi dengan ajaran Islam, hal ini terlihat dengan adanya nilai-nilai ajaran Islam yang terdapat dalam koperasi yang meliputi, nilai saling tolong menolong, tanggung jawab, keadilan, kekeluargaan, kesejahteraan dan kemerdekaan

Pemurnian Selulosa-α Hasil Hidrolisis Pelepah Sawit Menggunakan Enzim Xylanase dengan Variasi PH dan Sumber Enzim Xylanase

Midrib palm is one of the waste that produced from palm farming which contain alpha cellulose about 35%. The component of alpha cellulose could be used as a raw material for nitrocellulose if it is has more than 92% of purity. So to increase the purity of alpha cellulose, midrib palm has to be treated by purifying step. In this time, chemical still be choices to be material for purify alpha cellulose, while as we know that chemical has a bad impact for our envirotment. So it is important to search another purifying agent and it is xylanase. Xylanase is one of enzyme that has an ability to break up the link between xylose in xylan. So the purpose of this research are to use xylanase as another purifying agent, to know what is the best pH for this purifying process and to compare the result between two xylanases that produced from different fungi. Before start the purifying step, midrib have to through extraction step to remove all extractive and continue with hydrolisis step by using extraction liquid of palm empty bunch ash. Then after that purifying step can be done at 600C for 1,5 hours by making some differences at pH (4,5 and 6). The highest purity of alpha cellulose was reached at pH 6 by using xylanase from Aspergillus Niger about 97,55%. So the conclucion of this research are, the best pH for purifying process by using xylanase is 6 and the best xylanase is the one which produce from Aspergillus Niger. Beside that, the use of xylanase which is comes from the same species will be not affected much to the purifying result

Rekonstruksi Epistemologi Studi Islam (USAha Pengembangan Pendekatan Studi Islam di Jurusan Pai Fakultas Tarbiyah Uin Malang)

Modern word in inpported by modernized science and technology with in cultural and multireligius society, so for, Islamic studies uses theological approach with characters truth claem ( truth monopoly). According to this approach, the believer of certain religious is the only truth, where are other's belief is wrong. Tis appoach is not relevant anymore and can not face the challenge of this era ; then the mew way laurges from the mind of many moslem schoolars, Harun Nasution offers rational appoach, M Amin Abdullah proposes historical empirical approach, M Atho' Mudzar claem sosiological approach and Jalaluddin Rahmat present humanistic approach. The above approach can be cathegorized into theological approach, and comparative approach, stating from M Dhavamony theory, several Islamic studies approaches can be development of this approach is phenomenological approach. The Islamic studies approach focuses on sacrality and profan. So for sacrality in only strudied using the teological approach and profan in studied using philosophical approach

Effective mass persuasion medium for political campaign: the impact of photographic images in newspapers on the public during general election 11th (2004) and general election 12th (2008) / Md Nagib Padil

During the General Election is approaching in Malaysia, the photos being featured in the local newspapers are one of the most important elements that is used to gain the public votes. The newspapers use the medium of photography to report the latest progress of the parties taking part in the general election and the activities that are going on throughout the campaign. However, during the 11th General Election in 2004 and the 12th General Election in 2008, there were pictures being published in the local Malaysian newspapers that were complained by the general public. The frequency of the local newspapers publishing pictures that showed inclination towards a certain political party had caused various critics and had also tarnished the trust of the public towards the news being published by the local newspapers until there were evidence that during the 12th General Election the general public were more inclined to refer and seek for information from the internet and blogs. As a result, this study is conducted to compare the use of pictures which were used in the selected local newspapers in reporting the news during the two general elections, 11th and 12th and study the perceptions of the general public of the impacts of the pictures in the news reported during the campaigns. In insuring that the objectives of this research are achieved, a qualitative approaches like interview, questionnaire and content analysis are applied to gather the data for this study. The findings suggest that throughout the duration of the campaign the majority of the photos of the campaigns which were used to report the news by the selected local newspapers were still showing inclination towards a certain political parties as sources of reference for the readers. The majority of the photos used in the articles reported during the two general elections were just to show the heated battle between the two main parties participating in the general election which were Barisan Nasional (BN) and Pakatan Alternatif. Even though the photos of the campaigns used in reporting the news of the two general elections were interesting and used unique presentation techniques, the photos used did not actually convey the current issues and were not parallel with the interests of the readers, as well as did not actually influence their emotions who viewed them, especially during the 12th General Election