1,775 research outputs found
Laser communication system is insensitive to atmospherically induced noise
Angle modulated transmitted reference heterodyne laser communication system is insensitive to atmospherically induced amplitude noise fluctuations and phase distortions
Living on the edge of chaos: minimally nonlinear models of genetic regulatory dynamics
Linearized catalytic reaction equations modeling e.g. the dynamics of genetic
regulatory networks under the constraint that expression levels, i.e. molecular
concentrations of nucleic material are positive, exhibit nontrivial dynamical
properties, which depend on the average connectivity of the reaction network.
In these systems the inflation of the edge of chaos and multi-stability have
been demonstrated to exist. The positivity constraint introduces a nonlinearity
which makes chaotic dynamics possible. Despite the simplicity of such minimally
nonlinear systems, their basic properties allow to understand fundamental
dynamical properties of complex biological reaction networks. We analyze the
Lyapunov spectrum, determine the probability to find stationary oscillating
solutions, demonstrate the effect of the nonlinearity on the effective in- and
out-degree of the active interaction network and study how the frequency
distributions of oscillatory modes of such system depend on the average
connectivity.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and the prediction of primary cardiovascular events: results from 15-year follow-up of WOSCOPS
<b>Aims:</b>To test whether N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was independently associated with, and improved the prediction of, cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a primary prevention cohort.
<b>Methods and results:</b> In the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS), a cohort of middle-aged men with hypercholesterolaemia at a moderate risk of CVD, we related the baseline NT-proBNP (geometric mean 28 pg/mL) in 4801 men to the risk of CVD over 15 years during which 1690 experienced CVD events. Taking into account the competing risk of non-CVD death, NT-proBNP was associated with an increased risk of all CVD [HR: 1.17 (95% CI: 1.11–1.23) per standard deviation increase in log NT-proBNP] after adjustment for classical and clinical cardiovascular risk factors plus C-reactive protein. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide was more strongly related to the risk of fatal [HR: 1.34 (95% CI: 1.19–1.52)] than non-fatal CVD [HR: 1.17 (95% CI: 1.10–1.24)] (P= 0.022). The addition of NT-proBNP to traditional risk factors improved the C-index (+0.013; P < 0.001). The continuous net reclassification index improved with the addition of NT-proBNP by 19.8% (95% CI: 13.6–25.9%) compared with 9.8% (95% CI: 4.2–15.6%) with the addition of C-reactive protein. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide correctly reclassified 14.7% of events, whereas C-reactive protein correctly reclassified 3.4% of events. Results were similar in the 4128 men without evidence of angina, nitrate prescription, minor ECG abnormalities, or prior cerebrovascular disease.
<b>Conclusion:</b> N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide predicts CVD events in men without clinical evidence of CHD, angina, or history of stroke, and appears related more strongly to the risk for fatal events. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide also provides moderate risk discrimination, in excess of that provided by the measurement of C-reactive protein
Free energy landscapes, dynamics and the edge of chaos in mean-field models of spin glasses
Metastable states in Ising spin-glass models are studied by finding iterative
solutions of mean-field equations for the local magnetizations. Two different
equations are studied: the TAP equations which are exact for the SK model, and
the simpler `naive-mean-field' (NMF) equations. The free-energy landscapes that
emerge are very different. For the TAP equations, the numerical studies confirm
the analytical results of Aspelmeier et al., which predict that TAP states
consist of close pairs of minima and index-one (one unstable direction) saddle
points, while for the NMF equations saddle points with large indices are found.
For TAP the barrier height between a minimum and its nearby saddle point scales
as (f-f_0)^{-1/3} where f is the free energy per spin of the solution and f_0
is the equilibrium free energy per spin. This means that for `pure states', for
which f-f_0 is of order 1/N, the barriers scale as N^{1/3}, but between states
for which f-f_0 is of order one the barriers are finite and also small so such
metastable states will be of limited physical significance. For the NMF
equations there are saddles of index K and we can demonstrate that their
complexity Sigma_K scales as a function of K/N. We have also employed an
iterative scheme with a free parameter that can be adjusted to bring the system
of equations close to the `edge of chaos'. Both for the TAP and NME equations
it is possible with this approach to find metastable states whose free energy
per spin is close to f_0. As N increases, it becomes harder and harder to find
solutions near the edge of chaos, but nevertheless the results which can be
obtained are competitive with those achieved by more time-consuming computing
methods and suggest that this method may be of general utility.Comment: 13 page
Effect of statins on atrial fibrillation: collaborative meta-analysis of published and unpublished evidence from randomised controlled trials
Objective To examine whether statins can reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation.
Design Meta-analysis of published and unpublished results from larger scale statin trials, with comparison of the findings against the published results from smaller scale or shorter duration studies.
Data sources Medline, Embase, and Cochrane's CENTRAL up to October 2010. Unpublished data from longer term trials were obtained through contact with investigators.
Study selection Randomised controlled trials comparing statin with no statin or comparing high dose versus standard dose statin; all longer term trials had at least 100 participants and at least six months' follow-up.
Results In published data from 13 short term trials (4414 randomised patients, 659 events), statin treatment seemed to reduce the odds of an episode of atrial fibrillation by 39% (odds ratio 0.61, 95% confidence interval 0.51 to 0.74; P<0.001), but there was significant heterogeneity (P<0.001) between the trials. In contrast, among 22 longer term and mostly larger trials of statin versus control (105 791 randomised patients, 2535 events), statin treatment was not associated with a significant reduction in atrial fibrillation (0.95, 0.88 to 1.03; P=0.24) (P<0.001 for test of difference between the two sets of trials). Seven longer term trials of more intensive versus standard statin regimens (28 964 randomised patients and 1419 events) also showed no evidence of a reduction in the risk of atrial fibrillation (1.00, 0.90 to 1.12; P=0.99).
Conclusions The suggested beneficial effect of statins on atrial fibrillation from published shorter term studies is not supported by a comprehensive review of published and unpublished evidence from larger scale trials
Geometry-induced asymmetric diffusion
Past work has shown that ions can pass through a membrane more readily in one
direction than the other. We demonstrate here in a model and an experiment that
for a mixture of small and large particles such asymmetric diffusion can arise
solely from an asymmetry in the geometry of the pores of the membrane. Our
deterministic simulation considers a two-dimensional gas of elastic disks of
two sizes diffusing through a membrane, and our laboratory experiment examines
the diffusion of glass beads of two sizes through a metal membrane. In both
experiment and simulation, the membrane is permeable only to the smaller
particles, and the asymmetric pores lead to an asymmetry in the diffusion rates
of these particles. The presence of even a small percentage of large particles
can clog a membrane, preventing passage of the small particles in one direction
while permitting free flow of the small particles in the other direction. The
purely geometric kinetic constraints may play a role in common biological
contexts such as membrane ion channels.Comment: published with minuscule change
Circulating interleukin-10 and risk of cardiovascular events: a prospective study in the elderly at risk
<p><b>Objective:</b> The goal of this study was to examine the association of the antiinflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).</p>
<p><b>Methods and Results:</b> In the PROSPER (PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk) cohort, we related baseline concentrations of circulating IL-10 to risk of CVD events in a nested case (n=819)-control (n=1618) study of 3.2 years of follow-up. Circulating IL-10 showed few strong associations with classical risk factors but was positively correlated with IL-6 and C-reactive protein. IL-10 was positively associated with risk of CVD events (odds ratio [OR] 1.17, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.31 per unit increase in log IL-10) after adjusting for classical risk factors and C-reactive protein. Furthermore, IL-10 was associated more strongly with CVD risk among those with no previous history of CVD (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.70), compared with those with previous CVD (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.19; P=0.018). Overall, IL-10 showed a modest ability to add discrimination to classical risk factors (C-statistic +0.005, P=0.002).</p>
<p><b>Conclusion:</b> Baseline circulating levels of the antiinflammatory IL-10 are positively associated with risk of CVD among the elderly without prior CVD events, although the association is less evident in those with a history of CVD. Additional epidemiological and mechanistic studies investigating the role of IL-10 in CVD are warranted.</p>
Effects of diabetes family history and exercise training on the expression of adiponectin and leptin and their receptors
The daughters of patients with diabetes have reduced insulin sensitivity index (ISI) scores compared with women with no family history of
diabetes, but their ISI increase more in response to exercise training(1). The present study aimed to determine whether differences between
these groups in exercise-induced changes in circulating adiponectin and leptin concentrations and expression of their genes and receptors
in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), could explain differences in the exercise-induced changes in ISI between women with and without
a family history of diabetes
On the importance of nonlinear modeling in computer performance prediction
Computers are nonlinear dynamical systems that exhibit complex and sometimes
even chaotic behavior. The models used in the computer systems community,
however, are linear. This paper is an exploration of that disconnect: when
linear models are adequate for predicting computer performance and when they
are not. Specifically, we build linear and nonlinear models of the processor
load of an Intel i7-based computer as it executes a range of different
programs. We then use those models to predict the processor loads forward in
time and compare those forecasts to the true continuations of the time seriesComment: Appeared in "Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on
Intelligent Data Analysis
Increased glycation and oxidative damage to apolipoprotein B100 of LDL cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes and effect of metformin
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether apolipoprotein B100 of LDL suffers increased damage by glycation, oxidation, and nitration in patients with type 2 diabetes, including patients receiving metformin therapy.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS For this study, 32 type 2 diabetic patients and 21 healthy control subjects were recruited; 13 diabetic patients were receiving metformin therapy (median dose: 1.50 g/day). LDL was isolated from venous plasma by ultracentrifugation, delipidated, digested, and analyzed for protein glycation, oxidation, and nitration adducts by stable isotopic dilution analysis tandem mass spectrometry.
RESULTS Advanced glycation end product (AGE) content of apolipoprotein B100 of LDL from type 2 diabetic patients was higher than from healthy subjects: arginine-derived AGE, 15.8 vs. 5.3 mol% (P < 0.001); and lysine-derived AGE, 2.5 vs. 1.5 mol% (P < 0.05). Oxidative damage, mainly methionine sulfoxide residues, was also increased: 2.5 vs. 1.1 molar equivalents (P < 0.001). 3-Nitrotyrosine content was decreased: 0.04 vs. 0.12 mol% (P < 0.05). In diabetic patients receiving metformin therapy, arginine-derived AGE and methionine sulfoxide were lower than in patients not receiving metformin: 19.3 vs. 8.9 mol% (P < 0.01) and 2.9 vs. 1.9 mol% (P < 0.05), respectively; 3-nitrotyrosine content was higher: 0.10 vs. 0.03 mol% (P < 0.05). Fructosyl-lysine residue content correlated positively with fasting plasma glucose. Arginine-derived AGE residue contents were intercorrelated and also correlated positively with methionine sulfoxide.
CONCLUSIONS Patients with type 2 diabetes had increased arginine-derived AGEs and oxidative damage in apolipoprotein B100 of LDL. This was lower in patients receiving metformin therapy, which may contribute to decreased oxidative damage, atherogenicity, and cardiovascular disease
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