155 research outputs found
Bone description of the Andean puma (Puma concolor): I. Appendicular skeleton
Se realizó el estudio del esqueleto apendicular del puma andino (Puma concolor) en dos especÃmenes adultos: un macho y una hembra, decomisados en Cusco, Perú, por el Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR). La obtención de las piezas óseas se realizó siguiendo la técnica estándar de disección osteológica. La descripción de los términos anatómicos se hizo según la Nómina Anatómica Veterinaria. Las caracterÃsticas más resaltantes del esqueleto apendicular fueron descritas. En general, las eminencias de los huesos no son tan notorias y solo se presentan como zonas rugosas; el radio y cúbito completos y con carillas articulares bien definidas. A nivel de las manos, en los carpos sobresale el carpo intermedio radial, los metacarpos ligeramente cilÃndricos y curvados en la superficie palmar, la tercera falange en caso del primer dedo está bastante desarrollada y con una prominente apófisis ungeal, caracterÃstico de estas especies. Se presenta una cabeza de fémur esférica y a nivel de los cóndilos, dos sesamoideos del gastrocnemio bien definidos; tibias y peronés completos. En los tarsos, en número de siete, sobresalen el astrágalo y el calcáneo. Los metatarsianos y falanges son muy similares a los de la mano. A nivel del coxal, los huesos compactos se asemejan a los del gato doméstico.The appendicular skeleton of the Andean puma (Puma concolor) of two specimens (one male, one female) is described. Both animals were seized in Cusco, Peru by the National Forest and Wildlife Service (SERFOR). The bones were obtained following the standard technique of osteological dissection. The description of the anatomical terms was made according to the Veterinary Anatomical List. The most outstanding characteristics of the appendicular skeleton were described. In general, the eminences of the bones are not so conspicuous and only appear as rough areas. Complete radius and ulna with well-defined articular veneers. At the level of the hands the radial carpi stand out, the metacarpi slightly cylindrical and curved in the palmar surface, the third phalanx of the first finger is quite developed and with the prominent ungueal apophysis characteristic of these species. A well-defined spherical femoral head is present at the level of the two well-defined sesamoid gastrocnemius condyles; tibia and fibula are complete. In the tarsus, in number of seven, excel the astragalus and the calcaneus. The metatarsals and phalanges are very like those of the hand. At the level of the hip, the compact bones resemble those of the domestic cat
Osteological description of the taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis, D'Orbigny, 1834): I. Appendicular skeleton
Se presenta el estudio descriptivo del esqueleto apendicular de la taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis). Se utilizó el esqueleto apendicular de cuatro especÃmenes (2 hembras y 2 machos), según autorización N.° 158-2015-SERFOR-DGGSPFFS. El esqueleto apendicular fue obtenido según la técnica anatómica y los términos anatómicos siguen la Nómina Anatómica Veterinaria. Las estructuras morfológicas del esqueleto apendicular presentan similitudes a los rumiantes domésticos, como el ovino y la cabra. La taruca presenta particularidades a nivel del acromion y apófisis coracoides que es ganchosa a nivel de la escápula, un agujero interóseo proximal entre el radio y cúbito, y la presencia de vestigios distales del segundo y quinto metacarpiano con sus respectivas falanges. El coxal se caracteriza por presentar una tuberosidad sacra delgada y puntiaguda, la tuberosidad isquiática rugosa y triangular, la presencia de una escotadura en el agujero obturador, y un borde ondulante en el acetábulo. Asimismo, es caracterÃstica de esta especie la relación trocánter-cabeza del fémur y las caracterÃsticas de la escotadura del extensor en caso de la tibia, el surco longitudinal dorsal del metatarso ligeramente excavado, y la presencia de las falanges rudimentarias de los dedos II y V del pie.The descriptive study of the appendicular skeleton of the taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis) is presented. The appendicular skeleton of four specimens (2 females and 2 males) were used according to authorization No 158-2015-SERFOR-DGGSPFFS. The appendicular skeleton was obtained according to the anatomical technique and the anatomical terms followed the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. The morphological structures of the appendicular skeleton have similarities to domestic ruminants, such as sheep and goats. The taruca presents particularities at the level of the acromion and coracoid process that is hooked at the level of the scapula, a proximal interosseal hole between the radius and ulna, and the presence of distal vestiges of the second and fifth metacarpal with their respective phalanges. The coxal bone is characterized by a thin and pointed sacral tuberosity, the rough and triangular ischial tuberosity, the presence of a notch in the obturator foramen, and an undulating edge in the acetabulum. It is also characteristic of this species the trochanter-femur’s head relationship and the characteristics of the extensor notch in the case of the tibia, the longitudinal dorsal groove of the slightly excavated metatarsal, and the presence of the rudimentary phalanges of fingers II and V of the foot
PATRONES DE MOVIMIENTO EN ESPERMATOZOIDES DE ALPACA (Vicugna pacos): OBSERVACIONES ex situ.
The sperm hyperactivation is a step of the spermatozoa capacitation and consists ona change in the pattern of movements, the variation of the angle of the head, and thelongitude and width of the movement of the tail. The objective of the present study wasto determine the difference in movement patterns of spermatozoa and the frequency ofhyperactive spermatozoa in the oviduct according to the time after mating. The recoveryof the spermatozoa in five alpacas was done after 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32 hours post mating.Sperms were evaluated according to the pattern of movement. The frequency ofhyperactive spermatozoa increased until 28 hours post copula (71.4%).La hiperactivación espermática es un paso de la capacitación de los espermatozoides, consistente en un cambio en el patrón de movimiento, destacando la variación del ángulo de la cabeza, la longitud y amplitud del movimiento del flagelo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la diferencia entre los patrones de motilidad espermática, asà como la frecuencia de espermatozoides hiperactivados en el oviducto, según el tiempo post cópula. La recuperación de los espermatozoides del oviducto de cinco alpacas se hizo a las 16, 20, 24, 28 y 32 horas post cópula. Los espermatozoides se evaluaron en base a su patrón de movimiento. El porcentaje de espermatozoides hiperactivados se incrementó hasta las 28 horas post cópula (71.4%)
Evaluación de un nuevo protocolo de superovulación en llamas: respuesta ovárica, recuperación embrionaria y alteraciones pos-tratamiento
The work aimed to evaluate the effect of two doses of eCG on the superovulatory response, embryonic recovery rate and reproductive disorders. Thirty-two clinically healthy adult llamas were used, divided into two groups: Group I (700 IU eCG; n = 15) and Group II (500 IU eCG; n = 21). The superovulation protocol included: day 1, induction of ovulation (GnRH); day 4, application of eCG according to the dose established for each group; day 8, application of luteolytic (PGF2α); day 11, ultrasound to verify the number of follicles and application of GnRH analog; days 11 and 12, natural mating to induce ovulation; day 19, uterine lavage and embryo recovery (it was considered as cervical torsion when the Foley catheter was difficult to pass to the uterus); day 26: ultrasound evaluation to determine the presence of reproductive disorders. The number of follicles per female for groups I and II was 4.9 and 3.7, respectively. The number of embryos collected was 1.6 and 2.6 per female in groups I and II, respectively, which would indicate the existence of possible ovulatory failure or early luteinization in group I. The frequency of persistent follicular cysts and corpus luteum was higher in Group I compared to Group II, while the frequency of metritis and cervical torsion were similar in both groups. It is concluded that the 500 IU dose of eCG allows obtaining a smaller number of follicles, but a greater number of embryos and a lower frequency of reproductive problems in the post-treatment.El trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de dos dosis de eCG sobre la respuesta superovulatoria, tasa de recuperación embrionaria y alteraciones reproductivas inducidas. Se utilizaron 32 llamas adultas, clÃnicamente sanas, distribuidas en dos grupos: Grupo I (700 UI eCG; n=15) y Grupo II (500 UI eCG; n=21). El protocolo de superovulación incluyó: dÃa 1, inducción de ovulación (GnRH); dÃa 4, aplicación eCG, según dosis establecida para cada grupo; dÃa 8, aplicación de luteolÃtico (PGF2α); dÃa 11, ecografÃa para verificar el número de folÃculos y aplicación de análogo de GnRH; dÃas 11 y 12, monta natural para inducir ovulación; dÃa 19, lavado uterino y recuperación de embriones (se consideró como torsión cervical cuando se dificultó el paso de la sonda Foley hacia el útero); dÃa 26: evaluación ecográfica para determinar la presencia de alteraciones reproductivas. El número de folÃculos por hembra para los grupos I y II fue de 4.9 y 3.7, respectivamente. El número de embriones colectados fue de 1.6 y 2.6 por hembra en los grupos I y II, respectivamente, lo cual indicarÃa la existencia de posibles fallas ovulatorias o luteinizaciones tempranas en el grupo I. La frecuencia de quistes foliculares y cuerpos lúteos persistentes fue superior en el grupo I respecto al grupo II, mientras que la frecuencia de metritis y torsiones cervicales fueron similares en ambos grupos. Se concluye que la dosis de 500 UI de eCG permite obtener una menor cantidad de folÃculos, pero un mayor número de embriones y menor frecuencia de problemas reproductivos en el pos-tratamiento
Caracterización de la producción de fibra de vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) en la Región Cusco, Perú
This aim of this study was to describe the fibre diameter and fleece weight of vicuñas in the Cusco Region, Peru. The fibre diameter of 302 fibre samples of young, juveniles and adult vicuñas were evaluated using an OFDA 2000® equipment. The samples were collected in different programmed captures (called Chaccus) under two management systems: wildness and semi-captivity. In addition, 633 fleeces were weighed and differentiated by age, sex and type of management of the animals. The present study was authorized through the Resolution of General Direction N.° 180-2016-SERFOR/DGGSPFFS. The average fineness of the fibre of young (13.24 μm), juveniles (12.03 μm) and adults (12.72 μm) was determined. The fineness of fibre for males and females was 12.99 and 13.53 μm in young, 12.06 and 12.02 μm in juveniles and 12.88 and 12.58 μm in adults respectively. The smallest diameter of the fibre was found in juvenile vicuñas raised in the wildness (11.88 μm) and in the locality of Canllini (11.49 μm). The weight of fleece was greater in vicuñas raised in the wildness (165.01 g) and in adult animals (162.97 g), and without statistical differences between sexes. It is concluded that the best fibre characteristics were found in animals maintained in the wild.Con el objetivo de describir el diámetro de fibra y el peso de vellón de vicuñas en la Región Cusco, se evaluaron 302 muestras de fibra de vicuñas crÃas, juveniles y adultas mediante un equipo OFDA 2000®, colectadas en diferentes capturas programadas (denominadas Chaccus) bajo dos sistemas de manejo: silvestrÃa y semicautividad. Se registró, además, el peso de 633 vellones diferenciados por edad, sexo y tipo de manejo de los animales. El presente estudio estuvo amparado con la Resolución de Dirección General N° 180-2016-SERFOR/DGGSPFFS. Se determinó la finura promedio de fibra de crÃas (13.24 μm), juveniles (12.03 μm) y adultos (12.72 μm). La finura para machos y hembras fue de 12.99 y 13.53 μm en las crÃas, 12.06 y 12.02 μm en los juveniles y 12.88 y 12.58 μm en los adultos, respectivamente. El menor diámetro de fibra se presentó en vicuñas juveniles en silvestrÃa (11.88 μm) y en la localidad de Canllini (11.49 μm). El peso de vellón fue mayor en silvestrÃa (165.01 g) y en animales adultos (162.97 g), sin hallar diferencia entre sexos. Se concluye que las mejores caracterÃsticas de fibra se encontraron en animales mantenidos en silvestrÃa
TASA DE OVULACIÓN UTILIZANDO LIBERADOR DE GONADOTROPINAS Y PLASMA SEMINAL EN ALPACAS Y LLAMAS
The aim of the present study was to determine the ovulation rate using GnRH (buserelin) and seminal plasma of alpaca as ovulation inductors in alpacas and llamas. For this, 93 alpacas and 92 llamas were distributed in two groups: a group treated with buserelin (42 μg) IM, and a group treated with 1 ml of seminal plasma IM (50/50% seminal plasma of alpaca and PBS + antibiotics). The ovulation rate was 78.7 and 88.9% in alpacas and 80.6 and 70.0% in llamas using buserelin and seminal plasma respectively; and without statistical differences due to type of ovulation inductor, ovary carrying the preovulatory follicle or species.Se trabajó con 93 alpacas y 92 llamas a fin de determinar el porcentaje de ovulación utilizando GnRH (buserelina) y plasma seminal de alpaca como inductor de ovulación en alpacas y llamas. Los animales se distribuyeron en dos grupos, un grupo tratado con 42 μg de buserelina intramuscular y otro grupo tratado con 1 ml de plasma seminal intramuscular (50/50% de plasma seminal y PBS + antibióticos). La tasa de ovulación fue de 78.7 y 88.9% en alpacas y 80.6 y 70.0 en llamas con buserelina y plasma seminal, respectivamente, no encontrándose diferencias estadÃsticas entre tipo de inductor, ovario con presencia de folÃculo preovulatorio o especie
Factores de variación en la estructura poblacional y producción de fibra en vicuñas de la Región Cusco-Perú
The vicuña is an emblematic species of fauna conservation in Peru. The vicuña population recovered after several years of timely measures for their conservation, moving to appendix II of CITES. Currently there are vicuñas that are kept free (silvestry) and populations kept enclosed in permanent fences (captivity). During 2018, 58 programmed captures (known as Chacus) were done in the Cusco Region, capturing 6777 animals, corresponding to 3229 and 3548 heads for silvestry and captivity, respectively. The age distribution in the case of juveniles was higher in silvestry (18.08%) with respect to the captivity system (7.2%), which would be evidence of the existence of higher mortality in this population. The 2012 national census indicated a higher proportion of female vicuñas in the general population of the Cusco Region; however, in this work similar populations were found by sex in both rearing systems. The proportion of vicuñas sheared with respect to those captured was 52.95 and 30.21% for silvestry and captivity, respectively, while fibre production was 172.4 and 156.7 g per animal on average for silvestry and captivity, respectively. These results lead to the possibility of rethinking the use of permanent fences in the breeding of vicuñas in captivity to produce fibre, considering the lower productive levels obtained in this management system.La vicuña es una especie emblemática de la conservación de fauna en el Perú. La población de vicuñas se recuperó después de varios años de medidas oportunas para su conservación, pasando al apéndice II del CITES. En la actualidad existen vicuñas que se mantienen libres (silvestrÃa) y poblaciones mantenidas encerradas en cercos permanentes (cautiverio). Durante 2018 se realizaron 58 capturas programadas (llamadas Chacus) en la Región Cusco, capturando 6777 animales, correspondiendo 3229 y 3548 cabezas para silvestrÃa y cautividad, respectivamente. La distribución etaria en el caso de juveniles fue mayor en silvestrÃa (18.08%) con respecto al sistema de cautividad (7.2%), lo cual estarÃa evidenciando la existencia de mayor mortalidad en esta población. El censo nacional de 2012 indica una mayor proporción de hembras en la población general de la Región Cusco; sin embargo, en este trabajo se encontraron poblaciones similares por sexo en ambos sistemas de crianza. La proporción de vicuñas esquiladas respecto a las capturadas fue de 52.95 y 30.21% para silvestrÃa y cautividad, respectivamente, en tanto que la producción de fibra fue de 172.4 y 156.7 g por animal en promedio para silvestrÃa y cautividad, respectivamente. Estos resultados conllevan a la posibilidad de replantear el uso de cercos permanentes en la crianza de vicuñas en cautiverio para la producción de fibra, considerando los menores niveles productivos obtenidos en este sistema de manejo
Cost-Effective Strategies for Mitigating a Future Influenza Pandemic with H1N1 2009 Characteristics
Background: We performed an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of pandemic intervention strategies using a detailed, individual-based simulation model of a community in Australia together with health outcome data of infected individuals gathered during 2009–2010. The aim was to examine the cost-effectiveness of a range of interventions to determine the most cost-effective strategies suitable for a future pandemic with H1N1 2009 characteristics. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using transmissibility, age-stratified attack rates and health outcomes determined from H1N1 2009 data, we determined that the most cost-effective strategies involved treatment and household prophylaxis using antiviral drugs combined with limited duration school closure, with costs ranging from 777 per case prevented. When school closure was used as a sole intervention we found the use of limited duration school closure to be significantly more cost-effective compared to continuous school closure, a result with applicability to countries with limited access to antiviral drugs. Other social distancing strategies, such as reduced workplace attendance, were found to be costly due to productivity losses. Conclusion: The mild severity (low hospitalisation and case fatality rates) and low transmissibility of H1N1 2009 meant that health treatment costs were dominated by the higher productivity losses arising from workplace absence due to illness and childcare requirements following school closure. Further analysis for higher transmissibility but with the same, mild severit
Dense sampling of bird diversity increases power of comparative genomics
© 2020, The Author(s). Whole-genome sequencing projects are increasingly populating the tree of life and characterizing biodiversity1–4. Sparse taxon sampling has previously been proposed to confound phylogenetic inference5, and captures only a fraction of the genomic diversity. Here we report a substantial step towards the dense representation of avian phylogenetic and molecular diversity, by analysing 363 genomes from 92.4% of bird families—including 267 newly sequenced genomes produced for phase II of the Bird 10,000 Genomes (B10K) Project. We use this comparative genome dataset in combination with a pipeline that leverages a reference-free whole-genome alignment to identify orthologous regions in greater numbers than has previously been possible and to recognize genomic novelties in particular bird lineages. The densely sampled alignment provides a single-base-pair map of selection, has more than doubled the fraction of bases that are confidently predicted to be under conservation and reveals extensive patterns of weak selection in predominantly non-coding DNA. Our results demonstrate that increasing the diversity of genomes used in comparative studies can reveal more shared and lineage-specific variation, and improve the investigation of genomic characteristics. We anticipate that this genomic resource will offer new perspectives on evolutionary processes in cross-species comparative analyses and assist in efforts to conserve species
Strings and branes are waves
We examine the equations of motion of double field theory and the duality
manifest form of M-theory. We show the solutions of the equations of motion
corresponding to null pp-waves correspond to strings or membranes from the
usual spacetime perspective. A Goldstone mode analysis of the null wave
solution in double field theory produces the equations of motion of the duality
manifest string.Comment: 31 pages, LaTex, v2 some typos corrected and refs adde
- …