Iloa, leikkiä ja yhdessä tekemistä – Varhaisvuosien fyysisen aktiivisuuden suositukset

AbstractThe first recommendations concerning physical activity of under eight-year-olds, Recommendations for physical activity in early childhood education 2005 (Guides of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health 2005:17) have now been updated based on the initiative of the national Joy in Motion programme. The recommendations were hoped to respond to the changes in the children’s living conditions and the amount and types of physical activities over the past ten years. Another aim was to update the scientific base of the recommendations. The new Recommendations for physical activity in early childhood (2016) were prepared as part of the work of the Steering group for health-enhancing physical activity (TEHYLI). The steering group commented on and approved the recommendations compiled by the multidisciplinary national group of experts specifically invited to carry out the task. The recommendations are founded on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. The recommendations are based on scientific information on how the adults interacting with under eight-year-olds can facilitate the realisation of the rights of children by comprehensive support for their growth, development, health and wellbeing through physical activities. Studies have shown that physical activity promotes the child’s physical, cognitive, psychological, emotional and social development. The scientific knowledge base of the recommendations has also been published (Scientific justification for the recommendations for physical activity in early childhood 2016. Ministry of Education and Culture 2016:22) The Recommendations for physical activity in early childhood inform about the amount and type of physical activity for the under eight-year-old, roles of the physical, psychological and social environments, and planning and implementation of guided physical exercise and education on exercise as part of early childhood education. The recommendations are intended for parents, early childhood education teachers, physical exercise and healthcare professionals, and other organisations and individuals involved in promoting physical activity, health or wellbeing among under eight-year-olds. TiivistelmäEnsimmäiset suomalaiset alle kahdeksanvuotiaiden lasten liikuntaan tarkoitetut suositukset, Varhaiskasvatuksen liikunnan suositukset 2005 (Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön oppaita 2005:17), esitettiin päivitettäviksi valtakunnallisessa Ilo kasvaa liikkuen – ohjelman kehittämistyössä. Suositusten toivottiin vastaavan viimeisen kymmenen vuoden aikana tapahtuneita muutoksia lasten elinolosuhteissa sekä liikkumisen määrässä ja laadussa. Tavoitteeksi asetettiin myös suositusten tutkimusperustan päivittäminen. Uudet Varhaisvuosien fyysisen aktiivisuuden suositukset (2016) valmisteltiin osana opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriön sekä sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön yhdessä asettaman ja koordinoiman Terveyttä ja hyvinvointia edistävän liikunnan (TEHYLI) –ohjausryhmän työtä. TEHYLI –ohjausryhmä kommentoi ja hyväksyi tehtävään erikseen kutsutun monitieteisen kansallisen asiantuntijaryhmän kokoamat suositukset. Suositusten taustalla on YK:n lapsen oikeuksien yleissopimus. Suositukset perustuvat tutkimustietoon siitä, miten alle kahdeksanvuotiaiden lasten kanssa toimivat aikuiset voivat mahdollistaa lasten oikeuksien toteutumisen tukemalla lasten kokonaisvaltaista kasvua, kehitystä, terveyttä ja hyvinvointia liikunnan avulla. Tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että liikunnalla voidaan tukea lapsen fyysistä, kognitiivista, psyykkistä, emotionaalista ja sosiaalista kehittymistä. Suositusten tieteelliset perusteet on julkaistu erillisenä julkaisuna (Tieteelliset perusteet varhaisvuosien fyysisen aktiivisuuden suosituksille 2016. Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö 2016:22) Varhaisvuosien fyysisen aktiivisuuden suositukset antavat ohjeita alle kahdeksanvuotiaiden lasten fyysisen aktiivisuuden määrästä ja laadusta, fyysisen, psyykkisen ja sosiaalisen ympäristön rooleista sekä ohjatun liikunnan ja liikuntakasvatuksen suunnittelusta ja toteuttamisesta osana varhaiskasvatusta. Varhaisvuosien fyysisen aktiivisuuden suositukset on tarkoitettu lasten vanhempien, varhaiskasvatus-, liikunta- ja terveydenhuollon ammattilaisten sekä muiden alle kahdeksanvuotiaiden lasten liikunnan, terveyden tai hyvinvoinnin edistämiseen osallistuvien yhteisöjen ja yksilöiden käyttöön. Julkaisuun viitattaessa käytetään seuraavaa lähdemerkintää: Varhaisvuosien fyysisen aktiivisuuden suositukset 2016. Iloa, leikkiä ja yhdessä tekemistä. Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö 2016:21

Neuromuscular characteristics and muscle power as determinants of running performance in endurance athletes : with special reference to explosive-strength training

The aim of the study was to investigate the importance of neuromuscular characteristics and muscle power as determinants of running performance in endurance athletes. It was hypothesized that the running performance of endurance athletes would improve by training their neuromuscular characteristics, including improvements in muscle power and running economy. A total of 65 male athletes performed a 5-km (5K) or 10-km (10K) time trial and maximal 20-m (V₂₀ₘ) or 30-m (V₃₀ₘ) speed test on an indoor track, and running economy (RE) tests on a treadmill and on the track. Maximal anaerobic (MART) and aerobic treadmill running tests were used to determine maximal velocity in MART (VMART) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ₘₐₓ). The 10K led to a significant reduction in the neuromuscular characteristics and track VO₂ₘₐₓ but these fatigue-induced changes did not differentiate between high (HC) and low (LC) caliber athletes. Instead, the mean contact times (CT) of constant velocity laps (CVL) during time trials correlated with V₁₀ₖ and V₅ₖ. V₅ₖ also correlated with V₂₀ₘ, CTs and stride rates in maximal 20-m run. HC had significantly shorter mean CTs of CVLs than LC. Preactivity of gastrocnemius (GA) in relation to the IEMG of the total contact phase during the CVLs was higher in HC than LC and the relative IEMGs of vastus lateralis in the propulsion phase compared to the IEMG of the maximal 20 m run were lower in HC than LC. The results suggest that ability to produce force rapidly throughout the 5K and 10K accompanied by optimal preactivation and contact phase activation were important for the running performance in endurance athletes. VMART correlated significantly with V₅ₖ, peak blood lactate concentration in MART (peak BlaMART), V₂₀ₘ and V₃₀ₘ, and CT in the maximal 20-m run but not with VO₂ₘₐₓ. Middle distance runners had a significantly higher VMART, V₃₀ₘ and peak BlaMART than triathletes and cross-country skiers further suggesting that VMART is determined by both neuromuscular and anaerobic characteristics and that VMART can be used as a measure of muscle power in endurance athletes. During the 9 weeks of training period the 5K time, RE and VMART improved in experimental group (E) but no changes were observed in control group (C). V₂₀ₘ and 5J increased in E and decreased in C. VO₂ₘₐₓ increased in C but no changes were observed in E. In the pooled data the changes in the 5K velocity during 9 weeks of training correlated with the changes in RE (VO₂) and VMART. These results showed that simultaneous explosive-strength and endurance training produced a significant improvement in the SK without changes in VO₂ₘₐₓ. This improvement was related to improved neuromuscular characteristics which were transferred into improved muscle power and running economy. In conclusion, a hypothetical model for distance running performance in endurance athletes was cpnstructed using the major determinants of performance of the present study: aerobic power, running economy, neuromuscular characteristics and muscle power

Fatigue during a 5-km Running Time Trial

This Study investigated fatigue-induced changes in neuromuscular and stride characteristics during and immediately after the 5-km running time trial. Eighteen well-trained male distance runners performed a maximal 20-m sprint test and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in a leg press machine before and immediately after the 5-km running time trial. In all the tests the EMG of five lower limb muscles was measured. The results of the present study showed that muscle fatigue measured in maximal exercises like 20-m sprint and MVC are not related to the fatigue induced changes during the 5-km time trial. The fatigue in the 20-m sprint test was related to the maximal 20-m pretest velocity (r = 0.58, p < 0.05), but the velocity loss during the 5-km time trial was inversely related to 5-km performance (r = -0.60, p < 0.05) and training volume (r = -0.58, p < 0.05). It was concluded that the fatigue in 5-km running measured pre- and postexercise at maximal effort is more related to sprint performance rather than endurance performance, but the fatigue measured during the 5-km running is related to endurance performance and factors affecting pacing strategy