Modelización de la difusión regional de las Nuevas Tecnologías

En este documento se revisan diferentes aproximaciones metodológicas y aplicaciones planteadas para la modelización del desarrollo económico regional, los efectos de interrelación regional, y la difusión de las nuevas tecnologías. El documento concluye con el planteamiento de un modelo multirregional que contempla, tanto los efectos de difusión interregional, como los distintos niveles de penetración de la nueva economía en las diferentes regiones.Multi-regional Models; Regional Spillover; ITC

La innovación en el siglo XXI.

La innovación no sólo es importante para obtener ganancias de productividad y mejorar la competitividad internacional de nuestras empresas y productos; es también la garantía para incrementar el nivel de vida de toda la sociedad y perfeccionar el funcionamiento de todo tipo de instituciones, tanto en sus aspectos económicos como extra-económicos.Las políticas de estímulo a la innovación deben superar recetas simples, primando la coordinación de acciones público-privadas, los planteamientos globalizadores, las intersecciones innovadoras y rechazando la ingenuidad de identificar gasto en I+D con invención, e invención con innovación.El complejo y delicado ecosistema de la innovación interrelaciona fuentes, infraestructura, condicionantes político-estratégicos y efectos.Convertir la innovación en un objetivo prioritario de la sociedad en su conjunto, exige entender esta en su sentido amplio que incluye cambios tecnológicos, de bienes o servicios y de organización. Una iniciativa innovadora amplia deberá, por tanto, priorizar el «talento», es decir la creación de conocimiento, la educación y el aprendizaje. Pero también difundir esos avances, rentabilizando económica y socialmente los esfuerzos inversores, públicos y privados. Innovation is not only important to obtain productivity profits or to improve the international competitiveness of our companies and products. Innovation is also a guarantee to increase society life standard and improving institutions’ operation, both economic and extra-economic aspects.Innovation encouragement policies must overcome simple practices, prevailing the coordination of state-private actions, globalization approaches, innovating intersections and the naivety of identifying R+D expense with invention or invention with innovation.The complex and delicate innovation ecosystem links sources, infrastructures, policy- strategy determining factors and effects.To turn innovation into a primary society target demands its understanding in a wide sense that includes technological changes, both organizative and goods and services. A wide innovating initiative must priorize talent, that is knowledge creation, education and learning. But it has also to spread those advances, making social and economic profit from the effort of private and state investors.R&D;Innovation

Analysis of fouling resistances under dynamic filtration of pretreated olive mill wastewater on a loose reverse osmosis membrane

In this work, a loose reverse osmosis (RO) membrane (Osmonics AK model), capable of offering beforehand higher fluxes under lower operating pressure than typical tight reverse osmosis membranes but still offering similar rejection, was used for the final purification of olive mill wastewater. However, the output that a membrane may offer when it is virgin and readily used will change in time due to membrane fouling. If not properly considered, the advantages that a chosen membrane may offer in contrast with others would quickly and often irreversibly vanish, with the consequences in terms of capital expenses that this will represent. One approach to meet the investor's needs to trust membrane technology is to guarantee that fouling will be inhibited as much as possible, but to overcome the loss of performance that fouling carries engineers overdesign the membrane plants by using too wide safety margins that trigger the costs sensibly. Since the mechanisms by which fouling phenomena are triggered are always complex, the osmotic-pressure resistances-in-series model can be a simple but reliable model to describe the membrane response and predict its performance in time. In this context, the normalized fouling measured on the examined RO membrane was found to be minimum in the operating pressure range between 5 and 8 bar (0.65-0.98, respectively), and it decreased down to 0.51 upon increasing the crossflow up to 5.09 m s-1, avoiding irreversible fouling. Moreover, significantly minor fouling (0.33) was attained at the lowest temperature, regularly experienced during the olive oil production campaign. On another hand, the rejection towards organic solutes was maintained above 97%

A focus on fouling of nanofiltration membranes in the treatment of two-phase olive mill wastewater by boundary flux and pore blocking theories

The implementation of membranes in water and wastewater treatment processes has significantly increased in the last decades. However, membrane fouling leads to increased expenses if not properly examined and considered, and this is especially problematic in wastewater treatments. For this reason, fouling minimization represents the key factor to make those processes feasible. The use of NF membranes is especially problematic regarding fouling problems. In first place, adequate fouling inhibition methods should be designed upstream the membrane operation, in order to make the downstream membrane processes for wastewater treatment technically and economically feasible. In the present work, fouling build-up on a nanofiltration (NF) membrane during the treatment of olive mill wastewater coming from Spain (OMW-S) is addressed by the boundary flux theory, and the results were compared and complemented by using the pore blocking models. Fouling mechanisms are important to fully understand what is happening between the membrane and the effluent, to take the adequate decisions with respect to the design of the membrane plant and set-up of optimized operating conditions. The goal is to operate membranes modules by avoiding irreversible fouling for a long period of time, that is, several years of service lifetime. Thereafter, the operating parameters should be carefully chosen to avoid working beyond the conditions that the selected membrane can stand for the specific feedstream. The followed strategy allows the operation of the membranes system in a controlled framework that permits the stable operation of the plant. Moreover, the required membrane area is minimized and the constancy of the permeate productivity is also narrowed by following the proposed methodology

Optimization study of the fouling build-up on a RO membrane for pretrated olive mill wastewater purification

Even though membranes are considered in many aspects a mature technology, a range of features are still in development and under investigation. Regarding this, the main handicap of this technology is inevitably membrane fouling. Fouling issues have investigated by many research groups in the last years to convince investors to implement membranes as substitutes of a range of unit operations at industrial scale. In the wastewater treatment field, this is especially problematic, given the low economic value of the product, that is, treated water. On another hand, the management of the effluents generated by olive oil industries, olive mill wastewaters (OMW), is a task of global concern not anymore constrained to a specific region. These wastewaters represent an ever-increasing problem still unresolved. The present work was aimed for the modelling and optimization of a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane operation for the purification of pretreated olive mill wastewater, with a focus on the dynamic fouling development minimization on the selected membrane as a function of the set-up of the operating conditions. For this goal, beforehand a factorial design was implemented for the optimization of the RO treatment of the OMW stream. The results gathered were thereafter interpreted by means of the response surface methodology. A significant impact was noted to be driven by the operating pressure and the tangential velocity on the fouling rate on the RO membrane. The response surfaces withdrawn from the experimental data support the previous results, and the optimised parameters - ambient temperature range (24 - 25 °C), moderate operating pressure (25 - 30 bar) and turbulent tangential flow (3.1 - 3.5 m s -1 ) - were found to provide a stable permeate flux of 32.3 - 38.5 L h -1 m -2 . These results reveal the proposed process could be operated successfully at ambient temperature conditions and medium operating pressure, boosting the economic efficiency of the RO purification of this effluent. Finally, the parametric quality standards stablished to reuse the purified effluent for irrigation purposes were checked and found to be satisfactory

Scenario Models of the World Economy

The purpose of this paper is threefold: First it discusses the case for building an IO-based model of the world economy, second, it discusses the type and the necessary characteristics of such a model and finally it highlights a road map for its construction. In the process it argues for the following set of propositions: a) the necessity of reviving the notion of world models b) the need to take on simultaneously the social-economic and environmental challenges and their interdependence c) the suitability of the IO framework as the basis of the next generation of world models d) the importance of bringing theory to bear on the development of the model and on policy analysis e) the importance of community for the development, support and diffusion of the model and its uses f) asserting the importance of the role of IIOA in building that community g) a focus on interdisciplinarity rather than on the export of economic logic alone to the social and environmental dimensions h) the importance of a scenario-based approach and i) the need to develop and integrate the financial side along with the real side of the economy.Forecast, World Economy;Input-Output Models

Las fuerzas del cambio en la Universidad

Antonio Pulido San Román: Doctor en Ciencias Económicas y Diplomado en Estadística por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Catedrático de Econometría en la Facultad de CC. Económicas y Empresariales de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Director del Instituto de Predicción Económica Lawrence R. Klein, UAM. Director General de CEPREDE Centro de Predicción Económica. Consejero del Instituto de Administración de Empresas (IADE). Presidente del proyecto HISPALINK de modelización regional en que participan 18 universidades españolas. Miembro de los proyectos LINKS y HERMES, patrocinados por Naciones Unidas y CEE, de modelización económica mundial. Autor de 23 libros y más de 200 artículos y trabajo