877 research outputs found
A Metric for Rapidly Spinning Black Holes Suitable for Strong-Field Tests of the No-Hair Theorem
According to the no-hair theorem, astrophysical black holes are uniquely
characterized by their masses and spins and are described by the Kerr metric.
Several parametric deviations from the Kerr metric have been suggested to study
observational signatures in both the electromagnetic and gravitational-wave
spectra that differ from the expected Kerr signals. Due to the no-hair theorem,
however, such spacetimes cannot be regular everywhere outside the event
horizons, if they are solutions to the Einstein field equations; they are often
characterized by naked singularities or closed time-like loops in the regions
of the spacetime that are accessible to an external observer. For observational
tests of the no-hair theorem that involve phenomena in the vicinity of the
circular photon orbit or the innermost stable circular orbit around a black
hole, these pathologies limit the applicability of the metrics only to compact
objects that do not spin rapidly. In this paper, we construct a Kerr-like
metric which depends on a set of free parameters in addition to its mass and
spin and which is regular everywhere outside of the event horizon. We derive
expressions for the energy and angular momentum of a particle on a circular
equatorial orbit around the black hole and compute the locations of the
innermost stable circular orbit and the circular photon orbit. We demonstrate
that these orbits change significantly for even moderate deviations from the
Kerr metric. The properties of our metric make it an ideally suited spacetime
to carry out strong-field tests of the no-hair theorem in the electromagnetic
spectrum using the properties of accretion flows around astrophysical black
holes of arbitrary spin.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in PR
Neutron Stars in f(R) Gravity with Perturbative Constraints
We study the structure of neutron stars in f(R) gravity theories with
perturbative constraints. We derive the modified Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkov
equations and solve them for a polytropic equation of state. We investigate the
resulting modifications to the masses and radii of neutron stars and show that
observations of surface phenomena alone cannot break the degeneracy between
altering the theory of gravity versus choosing a different equation of state of
neutron-star matter. On the other hand, observations of neutron-star cooling,
which depends on the density of matter at the stellar interior, can place
significant constraints on the parameters of the theory.Comment: Discussion extended, typos corrected, figures revised. Accepted for
publication in PR
The signature of the magnetorotational instability in the Reynolds and Maxwell stress tensors in accretion discs
The magnetorotational instability is thought to be responsible for the
generation of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence that leads to enhanced outward
angular momentum transport in accretion discs. Here, we present the first
formal analytical proof showing that, during the exponential growth of the
instability, the mean (averaged over the disc scale-height) Reynolds stress is
always positive, the mean Maxwell stress is always negative, and hence the mean
total stress is positive and leads to a net outward flux of angular momentum.
More importantly, we show that the ratio of the Maxwell to the Reynolds
stresses during the late times of the exponential growth of the instability is
determined only by the local shear and does not depend on the initial spectrum
of perturbations or the strength of the seed magnetic. Even though we derived
these properties of the stress tensors for the exponential growth of the
instability in incompressible flows, numerical simulations of shearing boxes
show that this characteristic is qualitatively preserved under more general
conditions, even during the saturated turbulent state generated by the
instability.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures. Minor revisions. Accepted for publication in
MNRA
The MHD Alfven wave oscillation model of kHz Quasi Periodic Oscillations of Accreting X-ray Binaries
We ascribe the interpretation of the twin kilohertz Quasi Periodic
Oscillations (kHz QPOs) of X-ray spectra of Low Mass X-Ray Binaries (LMXBs) to
MHD Alfven wave oscillations in the different mass density regions of the
accreted matter at the preferred radius, and the upper kHz QPO frequency
coincides with the Keplerian frequency. The proposed model concludes that the
kHz QPO frequencies depend inversely on the preferred radius, and that
theoretical relation between the upper frequency (\nt) and the lower
frequency (\no) is \no \sim \nt^{2}, which is similar to the measured
empirical relation. The separation between the twin frequencies decreases
(increases) with increasing kHz QPO frequency if the lower kHz QPO frequency is
more (less) than 400 Hz.Comment: Accepted by Astron. & Astrophys., 4 pages, 4 figure
Ranging system which compares an object reflected component of a light beam to a reference component of the light beam
A system is described for measuring the distance to an object by comparing a first component of a light pulse that is reflected off the object with a second component of the light pulse that passes along a reference path of known length, which provides great accuracy with a relatively simple and rugged design. The reference path can be changed in precise steps so that it has an equivalent length approximately equal to the path length of the light pulse component that is reflected from the object. The resulting small difference in path lengths can be precisely determined by directing the light pulse components into opposite ends of a detector formed of a material that emits a second harmonic light output at the locations where the opposite going pulses past simultaneously across one another
Constraining Parity Violation in Gravity with Measurements of Neutron-Star Moments of Inertia
Neutron stars are sensitive laboratories for testing general relativity,
especially when considering deviations where velocities are relativistic and
gravitational fields are strong. One such deviation is described by dynamical,
Chern-Simons modified gravity, where the Einstein-Hilbert action is modified
through the addition of the gravitational parity-violating Pontryagin density
coupled to a field. This four-dimensional effective theory arises naturally
both in perturbative and non-perturbative string theory, loop quantum gravity,
and generic effective field theory expansions. We calculate here Chern-Simons
modifications to the properties and gravitational fields of slowly spinning
neutron stars. We find that the Chern-Simons correction affects only the
gravitomagnetic sector of the metric to leading order, thus introducing
modifications to the moment of inertia but not to the mass-radius relation. We
show that an observational determination of the moment of inertia to an
accuracy of 10%, as is expected from near-future observations of the double
pulsar, will place a constraint on the Chern-Simons coupling constant of
\xi^{1/4} < 5 km, which is at least three-orders of magnitude stronger than the
previous strongest bound.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, replaced with version accepted for publication
in Phys. Rev.
Measuring and modeling optical diffraction from subwavelength features
We describe a technique for studying scattering from subwavelength features. A simple scatterometer was developed to measure the scattering from the single-submicrometer, subwavelength features generated with a focused ion beam system. A model that can describe diffraction from subwavelength features with arbitrary profiles is also presented and shown to agree quite well with the experimental measurements. The model is used to demonstrate ways in which the aspect ratios of subwavelength ridges and trenches can be obtained from scattering data and how ridges can be distinguished from trenches over a wide range of aspect ratios. We show that some earlier results of studies on distinguishing pits from particles do not extend to low-aspect-ratio features
The correlations between the spin frequencies and kHz QPOs of Neutron Stars in LMXBs
We studied the correlations between spin frequencies and kilohertz
quasi-periodic oscillations (kHz QPOs) in neutron star low mass X-ray binaries.
The updated data of kHz QPOs and spin frequencies are statistically analyzed.
We found that when two simultaneous kHz QPOs are present in the power spectrum,
the minimum frequency of upper kHz QPO is at least 1.3 times larger than the
spin frequency, i.e. \nu_{s}<\nu_{2min}/1.3. We also found that the average kHz
QPO peak separation in 6 Atoll sources anti-correlates with the spin frequency
in the form \lan\dn\ran = -(0.19\pm0.05)\ns+(389.40\pm21.67)Hz. If we shifted
this correlation in the direction of the peak separation by a factor of 1.5,
this correlation matches the data points of the two accretion powered
millisecond X-ray pulsars, SAX J1808.4-3658 and XTE J1807-294.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in A&
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