Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990-2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories. Methods We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Findings In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9–24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89–1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8–28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48–1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1–75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1–612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2–123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4–52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1–85·2) of anaemia YLDs. Interpretation Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Termination of cardiopulmonary bypass facilitated by insulin

A 61-year old woman with severe coronary artery disease underwent three-vessel coronary bypass surgery. Difficulty was encountered in terminating cardiopulmonary bypass, but there was dramatic improvement following the administration of intravenous insulin. The use of insulin to facilitate termination of cardiopulmonary bypass is discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71716/1/j.1365-2044.1981.tb10245.x.pd

Emigration and alcohol consumption among migrant household members staying behind: Evidence from Kyrgyzstan

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Despite the growth of alcohol consumption and international migration in many developing countries, the links between the two remain underexplored. We study the relationship between emigration of household members, receiving remittances (migrant monetary transfers), and alcohol consumption of migrant household members staying behind in Kyrgyzstan, a poor post-socialist country that has recently witnessed both large-scale emigration and a rise in alcohol-related health problems. Using a large longitudinal survey, we find that, among the ethnic majority (Kyrgyz), an increase in migrant remittances is associated with a higher likelihood and frequency of consuming alcohol, as well as an increase in the consumption of beer. Among ethnic Russians, the emigration of family members who do not send remittances back home is associated with an increased likelihood and frequency of alcohol consumption. We discuss possible mechanisms through which emigration and remittances may affect the alcohol consumption of those staying behind, including the relaxation of budget constraints and psychological distress. Overall, our findings suggest that the emigration of household members contribute to a greater alcohol consumption among those staying behind, and highlight the role of remittances and cultural background in understanding the nuances in this relationship

Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles: plants, animals and microbial aspects

The green synthesis (GS) of different metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) has re-evaluated plants, animals and microorganisms for their natural potential to reduce metallic ions into neutral atoms at no expense of toxic and hazardous chemicals. Contrary to chemically synthesized MNPs, GS offers advantages of enhanced biocompatibility and thus has better scope for biomedical applications. Plant, animals and microorganisms belonging to lower and higher taxonomic groups have been experimented for GS of MNPs, such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO), iron (Fe2O3), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), nickel oxide (NiO) and magnesium oxide (MgO). Among the different plant groups used for GS, angiosperms and algae have been explored the most with great success. GS with animal-derived biomaterials, such as chitin, silk (sericin, fibroin and spider silk) or cell extract of invertebrates have also been reported. Gram positive and gram negative bacteria, different fungal species and virus particles have also shown their abilities in the reduction of metal ions. However, not a thumb rule, most of the reducing agents sourced from living world also act as capping agents and render MNPs less toxic or more biocompatible. The most unexplored area so far in GS is the mechanism studies for different natural reducing agents expect for few of them, such as tea and neem plants. This review encompasses the recent advances in the GS of MNPs using plants, animals and microorganisms and analyzes the key points and further discusses the pros and cons of GS in respect of chemical synthesis.Fil: Das, Ratul Kumar. Université du Québec a Montreal; Canadá. The Energy and Resources Institute; IndiaFil: Pachapur, Vinayak Laxman. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Lonappan, Linson. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Naghdi, Mitra. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Pulicharla, Rama. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Maiti, Sampa. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Cledón, Maximiliano. Université du Québec a Montreal; Canadá. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos "Almirante Storni". - Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca. Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos "Almirante Storni". - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos "Almirante Storni"; ArgentinaFil: Dalila, Larios Martinez Araceli. Université du Québec a Montreal; CanadáFil: Sarma, Saurabh Jyoti. University of Calgary; CanadáFil: Brar, Satinder Kaur. Université du Québec a Montreal; Canad