Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age-related trajectories inferred from cross-sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3-90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter-individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age-related morphometric patterns.Education and Child Studie

Aprendendo a ser negro: a perspectiva dos estudantes Learning to be black: the students' perspective

O artigo trata de identificar e compreender de que modo os estudantes negros da rede municipal de ensino de Porto Alegre constituem interações sociais, e como essas se manifestam na cultura estudantil e na Educação Física. Por meio de uma etnografia educativa, reflete sobre a participação do negro na construção da sociedade, que não é isenta de contradições e controvérsias. Os autores realizam análise de documentos, observação participante, diário de campo, grupos de discussão e entrevista semiestruturada. A análise enfatiza o modo pelo qual os colaboradores do estudo se percebem nas relações étnico-raciais, ao tratar dos códigos de significados na cultura estudantil, especialmente quanto ao seu reconhecimento no grupo, revelando que os negros manifestam certa naturalização de uma posição social de inferioridade. As diferentes culturas da escola dão sentidos distintos às ações, rituais e códigos que serão interpretados por aqueles envolvidos com os elementos dessa cultura.<br>The article seeks to identify and understand the mode in which Afro-Brazilian students in the municipal school system of Porto Alegre constitute their social interactions and how such constructions manifest themselves amongst student culture and in Physical Education classes. Using educational ethnography, it reflects on afro participation in the construction of a society that is full of contradictions and controversies. The authors analyzed documents, used participant observation, kept a field diary, led discussion groups and conducted semi-structured interviews. The analysis emphasizes the way in which the study's subjects perceived themselves in ethno-racial relationships when dealing with the codes of student culture, especially when identifying themselves in relation to the group, revealing that Afro-Brazilians manifest a certain naturalization of a social position of inferiority. The different cultures in the school lend different meanings to the actions, rituals and codes, which will then be interpreted using elements of this very culture

Inter-laboratory comparison of HCV-RNA assay results: Implications for multi-centre research

To investigate whether it is appropriate to assume comparability of hepatitis virus C (HCV)-RNA results across laboratories in multi-centre studies, nine laboratories of the European Paediatric HCV Network participated in an international proficiency study of HCV-RNA assays. A panel of 12 samples of different dilutions and genotypes was sent to each laboratory and tested with qualitative and/or quantitative HCV-RNA assays according to local procedures. Commercial assays were used in seven laboratories and in-house assays in two. All six laboratories in which a commercial qualitative assay was used were proficient, as were four of six runs (in five laboratories) in which a commercial quantitative assay was used. The proficiency of the laboratories where in-house assays were used could not be assessed according to the VQC definition because of differences in the methods used. Overall, there were several false-negative results, but only one false-positive result with a quantitative assay and none with a qualitative assay. The false-negative results may have implications for the diagnosis of infection, and highlight the need for an antibody test to be performed at 18 months to confirm the absence of infection. The results of qualitative assays were generally consistent across laboratories but it was difficult to evaluate and compare the results of quantitative assays. Multivariate analysis of data collected in multi-centre studies should therefore allow for centre and/or assay used. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc

Inter-laboratory comparison of HCV-RNA assay results: Implications for multi-centre research

To investigate whether it is appropriate to assume comparability of hepatitis virus C (HCV)-RNA results across laboratories in multi-centre studies, nine laboratories of the European Paediatric HCV Network participated in an international proficiency study of HCV-RNA assays. A panel of 12 samples of different dilutions and genotypes was sent to each laboratory and tested with qualitative and/or quantitative HCV-RNA assays according to local procedures. Commercial assays were used in seven laboratories and in-house assays in two. All six laboratories in which a commercial qualitative assay was used were proficient, as were four of six runs (in five laboratories) in which a commercial quantitative assay was used. The proficiency of the laboratories where in-house assays were used could not be assessed according to the VQC definition because of differences in the methods used. Overall, there were several false-negative results, but only one false-positive result with a quantitative assay and none with a qualitative assay. The false-negative results may have implications for the diagnosis of infection, and highlight the need for an antibody test to be performed at 18 months to confirm the absence of infection. The results of qualitative assays were generally consistent across laboratories but it was difficult to evaluate and compare the results of quantitative assays. Multivariate analysis of data collected in multi-centre studies should therefore allow for centre and/or assay used