An Access theory of self-control: Essays on self-control, ADHD, and stimulant medication

This dissertation consists of four articles and an introductory essay, the overarching aim of which is to investigate the nature of self-control and its implications. I defend a value-deflationist definition of self-control, according to which self-control is that which is enacted to align one’s behaviour with intention in the face of competing motivation. This radical revision of the concept of self-control, which under its received denotation is associated with motivational hierarchies under various guises, allows for a conception of self-control that is consistent even in the absence of clear value hierarchies. For my account, self-control is defined by its behavioural function, not by its reliance on any specific cognitive or neural process. As a result, self-control can be realized by a large range of functionally equivalent processes. Some such processes are intrapsychic, such as inhibition, rehearsal of reasons, and construal. Others are situational, such as environmental selection and modification as well as social processes of self-control. Not all self-control processes are equally available for all agents, however. Some processes that are heavily reliant on executive functioning, such as inhibition and rehearsal of reasons, are unavailable for agents with executive dysfunction. For other self-control processes, social and economic constraints delimit their availability. It then becomes of utmost importance that agents are aware of such means of self-control that are a good fit for the agent and her situation. In this dissertation I analyse individual differences in self-control in terms of differences in access to self-control behaviours, articulating criteria for access to self-control and demonstrating how epistemic and practical constraints contingently modulate access to self-control in a manner that results in aggravated individual differences in self-control. I also discuss various implications of the access theory of self-control. implications span assessments of responsibility for failures of self-control; accounting for individual differences in self-control, including when these differences are connected to diagnoses such as Attention Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder; and the prospects of self-control neuroenhancement

“Appropriate” diagnostic testing: supporting diagnostics with evidence-based medicine and shared decision making

Background: Evidence-based medicine is an important approach to avoiding care that is unlikely to benefit patients in both the treatment and the diagnostic context. The medical evidence alone may not determine the most appropriate care decision. Patient interests are best served when the advantages and risks of a diagnostic test are viewed through the lens of the patient’s values. That is, the paradigm of evidence-based medicine should be complemented by the paradigm of shared decision making. Analysis Diagnostic testing may offer physiological and psychological benefits. Clinicians should also discuss the potential harms, however, which may be physiological (e.g. radiation or scarring), psychological (e.g. anxiety), and financial (e.g. cost-sharing burdens). All three of these concerns are compounded by the risk of false positives or incidental findings that are not serious, but which require decisions about further testing or treatment. Conclusion: We suggest that patient-centered decision making around diagnostic testing involves a two-step inquiry: Is the test medically appropriate? Does the available evidence documenting short- and long-term risk and benefits support the test for its intended use, given the patient’s characteristics and symptoms?Is the test appropriate for this patient? Has the provider initiated a conversation about tradeoffs that helps the patient evaluate whether the balance of risks and benefits is consonant with the patient’s own values and preferences? Potential benefits and harms to consider include the physiological, the psychological, and the financial

Itsekontrollin saavutettavuusteoria ja sen implikaatioita

Lektio: Itsekontrollin saavutettavuusteoria ja sen implikaatioita

Analisis Konstruksi Kapal Nelayan Tradisional di Kabupaten Bengkalis Provinsi Riau

Difficulties to obtain good wooden materials as vessels primary materials conduce to drop the quality and the lifetime of a ship. To satisfy new ship building demand, a shipyard tends to apply fast building and ignores the ship quality, types, and dimension and materials characteristics. Shipyard also did not consider about the technical and operational aspects as rule and regulations for wooden vessels. Un-optimal ship construction make it low in quality and at the end, it cannot be used directly after handover. In general, the cause of damage of ship was due to unsatisfying of construction criteria such as the types of wood, including the age and the length of the wood used for its construction. In addition, it had been found that there were unsatisfied ships operating under construction regulation

Accessing Self-Control

Self-control is that which is enacted to align our behaviour with intentions, motives, or better judgment in the face of conflicting impulses of motives. In this paper, I ask, what explains interpersonal differences in self-control? After defending a functionalist conception of self-control, I argue that differences in self-control are analogous to differences in mobility: they are modulated by inherent traits and environmental supports and constraints in interaction. This joint effect of individual (neuro)biology and environmental factors is best understood in terms of access to self-control behaviours. I sketch an account of access as including the three criteria of means, awareness, and non-excessive effort. I further demonstrate that people with disorders such as ADHD have limited access to self-control behaviours and stand therefore at a disadvantage with regard to self-control

Studi Kualitas Air untuk Kesehatan Ikan dalam Budidaya Perikanan pada Aliran Sungai Kampar Kiri

This research is done on October 2010 at Kampar Kiri river stream area,Riau Province. The purpose of this research is to find out the influence of goldmines without license activity to water quality and fish health. The method used issurvey method by measuring environmental factors of territorial water. Theconcideration that used namely the estimation to the source of contamination andwaste burden accepted by territorial water of development of aquaculture. Asreference, here include water quality of Kampar River completely as RiauGovernor Decree no 23 in 2003 (that guidances on PP 82/2001), about allotmentand permanent quality of water at Kampar River, Riau Province. Meanwhile, thefish area sampled from pond and cage that existed in every development area.From this research is known that generally each the quality of river water for fishhealth in aquaculture is still in tolerance level. The result of measurement waterquality is the fulfill permanent quality of first class water except some ofparameters in development aquaculture area in distric, like Kampar kiri River andhall fish breeding (BBI) Teso. Mophologically, fish health that watched is still beoptimal

Analisa Teknis Dan Ekonomis Penggunaan Kapal Tongkang Dan Kapal Konvensional Di Perairan Riau Dan Sekitarnya

Kriteria Ideal dan Optimalnya operasional sebuah kapal pada suatu Jalur pelayararan dapat ditinjau dari berbagai sektor baik secara Teknis. Ekonomis maupun Operasional yang sangat berpanguruh terhadup j alur pelayaran dan kapasitas muatan yang diangkur khu.;usnya hag1 muaran sejen~s. dtmana kondtst ?,eografts pelayaran yaau pelayaran Szmgai yang dtpengarulu oleh Iebar dan k edalaman sungai. pasn11g surut air /aut. alur pelayaran, dan kerersediUan pelubuhan bongkar muat. Pemtfthan kapal pengangkut muafan sc,;ent.\ yang beroperasi balk itu kapal konvens iona/ maupun kapal tug boat dan tongkang dit injau berdasarkan tmgkat kebutuhan dan sirkulcui muatan pada daerah perairan sungai yaitu Suugai Sitlk dan Stwgal lndragiri di Propinsl Riau yang merupukan satu-satunya Jemhatan transportw;t vital mobilisast muatan dan satu daerah kedaeralz lain di daeah tersebu

Demarcation, instantiation, and individual traits: Realist social ontology for mental disorders

Realists about mental disorder have been hasty about dismissing social explanations of how mental disorder is constituted. However, many social ontologies are realist ontologies. In order to create a meaningful distinction between realism and social metaphysics about mental disorder, I propose that realism about mental disorder is best understood as Individual Trait Realism (ITR) about them. For ITR, mental disorders exist in virtue of traits. I defend the view that ITR is compatible with social metaphysics, arguing that, in asking whether constituents in the social sphere figure the metaphysics of psychopathology, we are asking questions on three different strata of explanation: the strata of demarcation, instantiation, and individual traits. Distinguishing between these strata allows for nuanced realism that need not reject the social constitution of mental disorder

Demarcation, instantiation, and individual traits: Realist social ontology for mental disorders

Realists about mental disorder have been hasty about dismissing social explanations of how mental disorder is constituted. However, many social ontologies are realist ontologies. In order to create a meaningful distinction between realism and social metaphysics about mental disorder, I propose that realism about mental disorder is best understood as Individual Trait Realism (ITR) about them. For ITR, mental disorders exist in virtue of traits. I defend the view that ITR is compatible with social metaphysics, arguing that, in asking whether constituents in the social sphere figure the metaphysics of psychopathology, we are asking questions on three different strata of explanation: the strata of demarcation, instantiation, and individual traits. Distinguishing between these strata allows for nuanced realism that need not reject the social constitution of mental disorder