Speciation of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in soils irrigated with contaminated waters: A case study of agricultural soils from the plain of Saiss (Fez, Morocco)

The excessive input of heavy metals into agricultural soils has become one of the most important concerns in the third world cities all over the world. The contamination of agricultural soils can affect the health of people living in agricultural areas and the surrounding ecosystems. The current study was conducted to assess the quality of urban and suburban soils of the City of Fez (Morocco), which are irrigated by waters enriched by heavy metals. The main objective was to define the distribution and the mobility of heavy metals in different soil compartments using the method of sequential extractions. The samples were also investigated for mineralogy using X-ray diffraction. The identified minerals were mainly composed of quartz, carbonate and clay minerals. Smectite and mixed-layer (chlorite-vermiculite and mica-smectite) are by far the most abundant clay minerals in all soils. The study of the availability and distribution of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in urban soils, allowed us to observe a total content of Cr in the Oued Fez soils which is lower than the contents in the Oued Sebou soils. The Cu and Zn contents are low in Oued Sebou. Despite the Oued Fez input; the contents of these elements in the confluence do not increase. Sequential extractions completed the study of the potential mobility of heavy metals in different fractions of the soil. Indeed, this has allowed us to show that Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb are mostly related to the residual fraction; they are therefore theoretically little mobile; while Zn is practically related to the metals oxides fraction and exchangeable phase, respectively, in soils (FEZ1, FEZ2, SEBup) and (SEBdown, SEBconf), therefore the Zn is potentially mobile

Another continental pool in the terrestrial silicon cycle

International audienc

Organizational culture and partner interaction in the management of international joint ventures in India

Different from previous research that focused on the formation phase of partnering processes in joint ventures, this study focuses on the post-formation phase and argues that partner interaction processes of communication, cooperation, and conflict resolution play a key role in the implementation and management of joint ventures. We examine how organizational culture differences (OCD) and integration acculturation strategy (IAS) affect international joint venture (IJV) performance through the mediation of partner interaction processes. We develop hypotheses and test them by survey data from 202 executives of IJVs in India. The results suggest that the interaction processes fully mediate the negative effect of OCD but partially mediate the positive effect of IAS on partners¿ satisfaction with the joint venture performance. We discuss the implication of these findings for research and practice on post-formation management of IJVsDamanpour, F.; Devece Carañana, CA.; Chen, CC.; Pothukuchi, V. (2012). Organizational culture and partner interaction in the management of international joint ventures in India. Asia Pacific Journal of Management. 29(2):453-478. doi:10.1007/s10490-010-9204-xS453478292Adler, N. J. 1997. International dimensions of organizational behavior. Cincinnati: South-Western.Ahlstrom, D. 2010. Publishing in the Asia Pacific Journal of Management. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27(1): 1–8.Anderson, E. 1990. Two firms, one frontier: On assessing joint venture performance. Sloan Management Review, 31(2): 19–30.Anderson, E., & Weitz, B. A. 1989. Determinants of continuity in conventional industrial channel dyads. Marketing Science, 8: 310–323.Ariño, A. 2003. Measures of strategic alliance performance: An analysis of construct validity. Journal of International Business Studies, 34: 66–79.Bagozzi, R. P. 1981. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: A comment. Journal of Marketing Research, 18: 375–381.Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L. W. 1991. Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3): 421–458.Bandura, A. 1977. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Barkema, H., Bell, J., & Pennings, J. 1996. Foreign entry, cultural barriers, and learning. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 151–166.Beamish, P. W., & Lupton, N. C. 2009. Managing joint ventures. Academy of Management Perspectives, 23(2): 75–94.Bell, J., den Ouden, B., & Ziggers, G. W. 2006. Dynamics of cooperation: At the brink of irrelevance. Journal of Management Studies, 43(7): 1607–1619.Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C. 1987. Practical issues in structural equation modeling. Sociological Methods and Research, 16: 78–117.Bentler, P. M., & Wu, E. J. C. 1995. EQS for Windows: User’s guide. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Power, S., Young, M., & Bujaki, M. 1989. Acculturation attitudes in plural societies. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 38(2): 185–206.Birkinshaw, J., Bresman, H., & Hakanson, L. 2000. Managing the post-acquisition integration process: How the human integration and task integration processes interact to foster value creation. Journal of Management Studies, 37: 395–425.Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. 1991. The U-curve adjustment hypothesis revisited: A review and theoretical framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(2): 225–247.Brouthers, K. D., & Bamossy, G. J. 2006. Post-formation processes in Eastern and Western European joint ventures. Journal of Management Studies, 43(2): 204–229.Buono, A. F., & Bowditch, J. L. 1989. The human side of mergers and acquisitions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Butler, J. K. 1983. Reciprocity of trust between professionals and their secretaries. Psychological Reports, 53: 411–416.Chen, R., & Boggs, D. J. 1998. Long term cooperation prospects in international joint ventures: Perspectives of Chinese firms. Journal of Applied Management Studies, 7(1): 111–126.Christiansen, J. A. 2000. Competitive innovation management. London: Macmillian Press.Danis, W. M., & Parkhe, A. 2002. Hungarian-Western partnerships: A grounded theoretical model of integration processes and outcomes. Journal of International Business Studies, 33: 423–455.Das, T. K., & Teng, B. S. 1998. Between trust and control: Developing confidence in partner cooperation in alliances. Academy of Management Review, 23: 491–512.Earley, P. C., & Mosakowsky, E. 2000. Creative hybrid team cultures: An empirical test of transnational team functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 26–49.Elsass, P. M., & Veiga, J. F. 1994. Acculturation in acquired organizations: A force-field perspective. Human Relations, 47(4): 431–453.Fang, T. 2010. Asian management research needs more self-confidence: Reflection on Hofstede (2007) and beyond. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27(1): 155–170.Fey, C. F., & Beamish, P. W. 2001. Organizational climate similarity and performance: International joint venture in Russia. Organization Studies, 22: 853–882.Geringer, J. M., & Hebert, L. 1991. Measuring performance of international joint ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 22(2): 249–263.Gong, Y., Shenkar, O., Luo, Y., & Nyaw, M. K. 2005. Human resources and international joint venture performance: A system perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 36: 505–518.Gribbons, B. C., & Hocevar, D. 1998. Levels of aggregation in higher level confirmatory factor analysis: Application for academic self-concept. Structural Equation Modeling, 5(4): 377–390.Griffith, D. A., Hu, M. Y., & Ryans, J. K. 2000. Process standardization across intra- and inter-cultural relationships. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(2): 303–324.Gudykunst, W. B. 1994. Bridging differences: Effective intergroup communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. 1992. Multivariate data analysis. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.Hall, E. T., & Hall, M. R. 1990. Understanding cultural differences. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Haspeslagh, P. C., & Jemison, D. B. 1991. Managing acquisitions. New York: Free Press.Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D. D., & Sanders, G. 1990. Measuring organizational cultures: A quantitative study across twenty cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 286–316.Hulland, J. 1999. Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20: 195–204.Jehn, K. A. 1995. A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intergroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40: 256–282.Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D. 1993. LISREL 8 user’s reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.Julian, C., & O’Cass, A. 2004. The impact of firm and environmental characteristics on international joint venture (IJV) marketing performance in Thailand. Thunderbird International Business Review, 46(4): 359–380.Kale, P., & Anand, J. 2006. The decline of emerging economy joint ventures: The case of India. California Management Review, 48(3): 62–76.Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. 1978. The social psychology of organizations. New York: Wiley.Kimberly, J. R. 1976. Organizational size and the structuralist perspective: A review, critique, and proposal. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21: 571–597.Kline, P. B. 1998. Principles and practices of structural equation modelling. New York: Guilford.Kogut, B., & Singh, H. 1988. The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of International Business Studies, 19: 411–432.Kostova, T. 1999. Transnational transfer of strategic organizational practices: A contextual perspective. Academy of Management Review, 24: 308–324.Lane, H. W., & Beamish, P. W. 1990. Cross-cultural cooperative behavior in joint ventures in LDCs. Management International Review, 30(Special Issue): 87–102.Larsson, R., & Lubatkin, M. 2001. Achieving acculturation in mergers and acquisitions: An international case survey. Human Relations, 54(12): 1573–1607.Lin, X., & Germain, R. 1998. Sustaining satisfactory joint venture relationships: The role of conflict resolution strategy. Journal of International Business Studies, 29(1): 179–196.Lu, L. 2006. The relationship between cultural distance and performance in international joint ventures: A critique and ideas for further research. International Journal of Management, 23(3): 436–445.Luo, Y., & Park, S. H. 2004. Multiparty cooperation and performance in international equity joint venture. Journal of International Business Studies, 35: 142–160.Malekzadeh, A. R., & Nahavandi, A. 1990. Making mergers work by managing cultures. Journal of Business Strategy, 11 (May/June): 55–57.Merchant, H., & Schendel, D. 2000. How do international joint ventures create shareholder value?. Strategic Management Journal, 21: 723–737.Meschi, P. X. 1997. Longevity and cultural differences of international joint ventures: Toward time-based cultural management. Human Relations, 50: 211–228.Ministry of Commerce and Industry. 2003. Manual on foreign direct investment in India. New Delhi: Government of India.Mohr, J., & Spekman, R. 1994. Characteristics of partnership success: Partnership attributes, communication behavior, and conflict resolution techniques. Strategic Management Journal, 15(2): 135–152.Nahavandi, A., & Malekzadeh, A. R. 1988. Acculturation in mergers and acquisitions. Academy of Management Review, 13: 79–90.Olie, R. 1994. Shades of culture and institutions in international mergers. Organization Studies, 15(3): 381–405.Osland, G. E. 1994. Successful operating strategies in the performance of US-China joint ventures. Journal of International Marketing, 2(4): 53–78.Pablo, A. L. 1994. Determinants of acquisition integration level: A decision-making perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 803–836.Park, B. I. 2010. What matters to managerial knowledge acquisition in international joint ventures? High knowledge acquirers versus low knowledge acquirers. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27(1): 55–79.Park, S. H., & Ungson, G. R. 1997. Re-examining national culture, organizational complementarity, and economic motivation on joint venture dissolution. Academy of Management Journal, 40(2): 279–307.Piccolo, R. F., & Colquitt, J. A. 2006. Transformational leadership and job behaviors: The mediating role of core job characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 49: 327–340.Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. 2003. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88: 879–903.Pothukuchi, V., Damanpour, F., Choi, J., Chen, C. C., & Park, S. H. 2002. National and organizational culture differences and international joint venture performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 33: 243–265.Rindova, V. P., Williamson, I. O., Petkova, A. P., & Server, J. M. 2005. Being good or being known: An empirical examination of the dimensions, antecedents and consequences of organizational reputation. Academy of Management Journal, 48(6): 1033–1049.Ring, P. S., & Van de Ven, A. 1994. Developmental processes of cooperative interorganizational relationships. Academy of Management Review, 19: 90–118.Salk, J. E., & Brannen, M. Y. 2000. National culture, networks, and individual influence in a multinational management team. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 191–202.Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. 2001. A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66: 507–514.Schuler, R. S. 2001. Human resource and activities in international joint ventures. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(1): 1–52.Scott, W. R. 1992. Organizations: Rational, natural, and open systems. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Selmer, J., & De Leon, C. T. 1996. Parent cultural control through organizational acculturation: HCN employees learning new work values in foreign business subsidiaries. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17: 557–572.Selmer, J., & De Leon, C. T. 2002. Parent cultural control of foreign subsidiaries through organizational acculturation: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(8): 1147–1165.Simons, T. L., & Peterson, R. S. 2000. Task conflict and relationship conflict in top management teams: The pivotal role of intragroup trust. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85: 102–111.Sirmon, D. J., & Lane, P. J. 2004. A model of cultural differences and international alliance performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 35: 306–319.Spekman, R. E., Forbes, T. M., Isabella, L. A., & MacAvory, T. C. 1998. Alliance management: A view from the past and a look to the future. Journal of Management Studies, 35: 747–772.Swierczek, F. W., & Dhakal, G. P. 2004. Learning and its impact on the performance of manufacturing joint ventures in developing countries. Technovation, 24(1): 53–62.Tadmor, C. T., Tetlock, P. E., & Peng, K. 2006. Biculturalism and integrative complexity: Testing the acculturation complexity model. Proceedings of the Sixty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Honolulu, Hawaii, US, August.Tiessen, J. H., & Linton, J. D. 2000. The JV dilemma: Cooperating and competing in joint ventures. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 17(3): 203–216.Tihanyi, L., Griffith, D. A., & Russell, G. J. 2005. The effect of culture distance on entry mode choice, international diversification, and MNE performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 36: 270–283.Tsang, E. W. K. 2002. Acquiring knowledge by foreign partners from international joint ventures in a transition economy: Learning-by-doing and learning myopia. Strategic Management Journal, 23(9): 835–854.UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). 2009. World investment prospects survey 2009–2011. Switzerland: United Nations.Van de Ven, A. H., Dennis, C. E., & Koenig, R. 1975. Frameworks for interorganizational analysis. In A. R. Negandhi (Ed.). Interorganizational theory: 19–38. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.Very, P., Lubatkin, M., Calori, R., & Veiga, J. 1997. Relative standing and the performance of recently acquired European firms. Strategic Management Journal, 18(8): 593–614.Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. 2001. Coping with cross-cultural transition. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32: 636–642.Weber, Y., & Schweiger, D. M. 1992. Top management culture conflict in mergers and acquisitions: A lesson from anthropology. International Journal of Conflict Management, 3: 285–302.Weber, Y., Shenkar, O., & Raveh, A. 1996. National and corporate culture fit in mergers/acquisitions: An exploratory study. Management Science, 42: 1215–1227.Werts, C., Linn, R., & Joreskog, K. 1974. Intraclass reliability estimates: Testing structural assumptions. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 34: 25–33.White, S., & Lui, S. S. Y. 2005. Distinguishing costs of cooperation and control in alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 26: 913–932

Older adults and hackathons: a qualitative study

n/