Impacto herético y reacción jerarquizadora : Notas sobre los orígenes del clivaje peronismo-antiperonismo

El presente trabajo indaga en los elementos políticos y culturales que acompañaron la estructuración del clivaje peronismo-antiperonismo. Para ello se rastrea la noción de 'impacto herético', referida al efecto subversivo que ejerció sobre los valores y jerarquías de la época el ascenso del movimiento plebeyo que representó el peronismo. En consecuencia, dicho movimiento debió lidiar con una 'reacción jerarquizadora' de carácter antiperonista, de diversa extracción social y orientación política, que principalmente se opuso al trastrocamiento de determinadas normas culturales habituales. A su vez, la constitución de las clases populares en un sujeto político unificado, a través del peronismo, mantuvo una relación compleja con el aparato ideológico oficial y con los intentos de contención desde el Estado a las expresiones de movilización popular que el propio peronismo había inaguradoFil: Pizzorno, Pablo. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales

Cluster J Mycobacteriophages: Intron Splicing in Capsid and Tail Genes

Bacteriophages isolated on Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 represent many distinct genomes sharing little or no DNA sequence similarity. The genomes are architecturally mosaic and are replete with genes of unknown function. A new group of genomes sharing substantial nucleotide sequences constitute Cluster J. The six mycobacteriophages forming Cluster J are morphologically members of the Siphoviridae, but have unusually long genomes ranging from 106.3 to 117 kbp. Reconstruction of the capsid by cryo-electron microscopy of mycobacteriophage BAKA reveals an icosahedral structure with a triangulation number of 13. All six phages are temperate and homoimmune, and prophage establishment involves integration into a tRNA-Leu gene not previously identified as a mycobacterial attB site for phage integration. The Cluster J genomes provide two examples of intron splicing within the virion structural genes, one in a major capsid subunit gene, and one in a tail gene. These genomes also contain numerous free-standing HNH homing endonuclease, and comparative analysis reveals how these could contribute to genome mosaicism. The unusual Cluster J genomes provide new insights into phage genome architecture, gene function, capsid structure, gene mobility, intron splicing, and evolution. © 2013 Pope et al

Worksite influences on obesogenic behaviors in low-wage workers in St Louis, Missouri, 2013-2014

INTRODUCTION: More than one-third of US adults are obese. Workplace programs to reduce obesity and improve overall health are not available or accessible to all workers, particularly low-wage workers among whom obesity is more prevalent. The goal of the study was to identify modifiable workplace factors and behaviors associated with diet and exercise to inform future workplace interventions to improve health. METHODS: We distributed paper and online surveys to 2 groups of low-wage workers, hospital workers and retail sales workers, at the worksites. The surveys assessed obesity, obesogenic behaviors, workplace factors, and worker participation in workplace health programs (WHPs). Descriptive and regression analyses were conducted to examine workplace factors associated with obesogenic behaviors. RESULTS: A total of 529 surveys were completed (219 hospital workers and 310 retail workers). More than 40% of workers were obese and 27% were overweight. In general, workers had poor diets (frequent consumption of sugary and high-fat foods) and engaged in little physical activity (only 30.9% met recommended physical activity guidelines). Access to and participation in workplace health programs varied greatly between hospital and retail sales workers. We identified several modifiable workplace factors, such as food source and work schedule, that were associated with diet, exercise, or participation in workplace health programs. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates the high prevalence of obesity and obesogenic behaviors workers in 2 low-wage groups. The differences between work groups indicated that each group had unique facilitators and barriers to healthy eating and exercise. An understanding of how socioeconomic, demographic, and work-related factors influence health will help to identify high-risk populations for intervention and to design interventions tailored and relevant to the target audiences

Los contextos sociales e institucionales de una economía monástica: Santa María de Montederramo en el siglo XIII

Editada en la Fundación Empresa PúblicaLa autora se pregunta por las causas de la consolidación y pervivencia de formas institucionales ineficientes desde un punto de vista económico. Se estudia un caso concreto: el monasterio cisterciense de Santa María de Montederramo (Orense) en el siglo XIII para poner en evidencia la existencia de marcos institucionales formales e informales definidores de la acción de unos agentes cuyos intereses se construyeron en el proceso de interacción social, es decir, en contextos socio-culturales determinados y no como fruto de la limitación institucional sobre la naturaleza maximizadora de agentes extemporales. En primer lugar, el artículo presenta las paradojas en los debates clásicos sobre el Císter. Atendiendo a la Regla de la Orden, se acepta que el Císter perseguía varios objetivos: la compactación de las parcelas adquiridas, la tenencia en régimen de propiedad no compartida y la explotación de la tierra con mano de obra propia. A partir del caso elegido se reflexiona sobre la distancia entre los principios teóricos de la Orden y la morfología diversa de los señoríos y sus formas de gestión práctica. Se concluye que los monasterios se convirtieron en aparatos acumuladores de bienes invirtiendo recursos según criterios de reciprocidad, redistribución, identidad y estableciendo redes con las comunidades o con algunos de sus miembros destacados. En este compacto entramado de dinámicas sociales y mentales se fueron configurando sus formas económicas.The author searches into the reasons for the perpetuation in inefficient institutions. The monastery in Sta. María de Montederramo (Orense, Galicia) in the 13th century lets to underline the existence of formal and informal institutions defíning agents' cholees whose interests are building up in the process of social interaction. Moreover those interests emerge within socio-cultural context, rather than as the outcome of the institutional constreints over a given nature as profit maximazers. The article reviews the classical debate about the Cister. Given the Rule of the Order it is argued that Cistercians pursued the organization of coherent territorial estates, exclusive property rights over the land and own labour force. Working on the case-study, the gap between the theoretical principie of the Order and the specif management and contractual agreements about land tenancy are considered. The conclusion puts forward that monasteries were devices of accumulation because they developed practices of reciprocity, redistribution and identity within the peasant communities and through the organization of personal and social networks with some of the outstanding members of the local community. In the tied web of social and cultural dynamics, the economic patterns were hammered out.Publicad

Mechanisms of resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors in influenza A viruses and evaluation of combined antiviral therapy

Les inhibiteurs de la neuraminidase (INAs) jouent un rôle central dans le contrôle des infections grippales, tant dans le cas des épidémies et des pandémies comme chez les patients immunosuprimés et d'autres patients à risque. Cependant, le développement et la dissémination de la résistance compromettent l'utilité à long terme de cette intervention. En fait, le problème de la résistance aux INAs a été mis en évidence pendant les épidémies de grippe annuelles de 2007-09, avec la dissémination globale d’une variante de la souche A(H1N1) saisonnière résistante à l'oseltamivir. Dans ce cas, les observations préliminaires ont spéculé avec l'existence d'un ensemble de mutations “permissives” qui auraient facilité cette transmission mondiale. Heureusement, l'émergence et la propagation mondiale de la souche pandémique en 2009 a mené au remplacement de la souche saisonnière A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) résistante à l'oseltamivir, par le virus A(H1N1)pdm09 naturellement sensible aux INA, et, par conséquent, l'oseltamivir a récupéré son utilité clinique. En fait, la plupart des virus A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) et B circulants à ce jour restent sensibles à l'oseltamivir, avec seulement 1-2% de souches résistantes. Néanmoins, le nombre croissant de souches résistantes récemment détectées en l’absence de traitement fait craindre que ce problème puisse encore augmenter. À cet égard, l'impact de l'émergence et la dissémination de la résistance sur le choix limité des antiviraux actuellement disponibles renforce la nécessité d’une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents à ce phénomène ainsi que de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. Les différentes études présentées dans le cadre de cette thèse convergent vers l'objectif général de mieux décrire les mécanismes de développement de la résistance aux INAs dans les virus de la grippe. En outre, nous prévoyons que les thérapies combinées pourraient induire une meilleure réponse virologique et immunologique par rapport à la monothérapie antivirale. À la fin, nous nous attendons à ce que notre travail ait un impact sur la gestion des infections grippales en guidant la surveillance mondiale des marqueurs potentiels de résistance, ainsi qu’en proposant des traitements novateurs qui minimisent le développement de souches résistantes.Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) play a central role in the control of influenza infections, with important implications in the management of outbreaks and pandemics as well as in immunocompromised and other at risk patients, with both prophylactic and therapeutic indications. However, the development and dissemination of antiviral drug resistance represents a major limitation that compromises the long-term usefulness of this intervention. Actually, the problem of resistance to NAIs was highlighted by the worldwide dissemination of the oseltamivir-resistant seasonal A(H1N1) neuraminidase H274Y variant during the 2007-09 annual influenza epidemics. In that case, preliminary observations speculated with the existence of a set of “permissive” mutations that could have facilitated this global transmission. Fortunately, the antigenic shift that enabled the emergence of and global spread of the 2009 pandemic strain meant the replacement of the oseltamivir-resistant seasonal A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) virus by the naturally NAI-susceptible A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, and, consequently, oseltamivir recovered its clinical utility. In fact, most of the circulating A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B viruses remain susceptible to oseltamivir with only 1-2% of tested strains exhibiting phenotypic or genotypic evidence of resistance. Nevertheless, the growing number of resistant strains recently detected in the absence of therapy raises concern that this problem could increase. In that regard, the impact of the emergence and dissemination of resistance on the limited choice of antivirals currently available underscores a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon as well as the necessity for innovative therapeutic approaches. The different studies presented in this thesis converge to the general objective of better describing the mechanisms underlying the development of resistance to NAIs in influenza viruses. Also, we anticipate that combination therapies will induce better virological and immunological responses compared to antiviral monotherapy. In the end, we expect that our work will have an impact on the management of influenza infections by guiding the global surveillance of potential drug resistance markers, as well as proposing innovative ways to improve the clinical outcome and minimizing the development of drug-resistant strains

The still under-investigated role of cognitive deficits in PML diagnosis

Background: Despite cognitive deficits frequently represent the first clinical manifestations of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) in Natalizumab-treated MS patients, the importance of cognitive deficits in PML diagnosis is still under-investigated. The aim of the current study is to investigate the cognitive deficits at PML diagnosis in a group of Italian patients with PML. Methods: Thirty-four PML patients were included in the study. The demographic and clinical data, the lesion load and localization, and the longitudinal clinical course was compared between patients with (n = 13) and without (n = 15) cognitive deficit upon PML suspicion (the remaining six patients were asymptomatic). Clinical presentation of cognitive symptoms was described in detail. Result: After symptoms detection, the time to diagnosis resulted to be shorter for patients presenting with cognitive than for patients with non cognitive onset (p = 0.03). Within patients with cognitive onset, six patients were presenting with language and/or reading difficulties (46.15%); five patients with memory difficulties (38.4%); three patients with apraxia (23.1%); two patients with disorientation (15.3%); two patients with neglect (15.3%); one patients with object agnosia (7.7%), one patient with perseveration (7.7%) and one patient with dementia (7.7%). Frontal lesions were less frequent (p = 0.03), whereas temporal lesions were slightly more frequent (p = 0.06) in patients with cognitive deficits. The longitudinal PML course seemed to be more severe in cognitive than in non cognitive patients (F = 2.73, p = 0.03), but differences disappeared (F = 1.24, p = 0.29) when balancing for the incidence of immune reconstitution syndrome and for other treatments for PML (steroids, plasma exchange (PLEX) and other therapies (Mefloquine, Mirtazapine, Maraviroc). Conclusion: Cognitive deficits at PML onset manifest with symptoms which are absolutely rare in MS. Their appearance in MS patients should strongly suggest PML. Clinicians should be sensitive to the importance of formal neuropsychological evaluation, with particular focus on executive function, which are not easily detected without a formal assessment

A study of online construction of fragment replicas

High availability in database systems is achieved using data replication and online repair. On a system containing 2 replicas of each fragment, the loss of a fragment replica due to a node crash makes the system more vulnerable. In such a situation, only one replica of the fragments contained in the crashed node will be available until a new replica is generated. In this study we have investigated different methods of regenerating a new fragment replica that is up to date with the transactions that have happened during the process of regenerating it. The objective is to determine which method performs the best in terms of completion time at each of the nodes involved, in different conditions. We have investigated three different methods for sending the data from the node containing the primary fragment replica to the node being repaired, and one method for catching-up with the transactions executed at the node containing the primary fragment replica during the repair process. These methods assume that the access method used by the DB system is B-trees. The methods differ by the volume of data sent over the network, and by the work (and time) needed to prepare the data prior to sending. They consist respectively in sending the entire B-tree, sending the leaves of the B-tree only, and sending the data only; the latter has two alternatives on the node being repaired, depending on whether the data is being inserted into a new B-tree, or whether the B-tree is being regenerated from the leaf-level and up. This study shows that the choice of recovery method should be made considering the network configuration that will be used. For common network configurations like 100Mbits or lower, it is interesting to use methods that minimize the volume of data transfered. For higher network bandwidth, it is more important to minimize the amount of work done at the nodes

A comparative in vitro assay of drug release performance of pyridostigmine bromide tablets

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that destroys key components of the neuromuscular system. The most common therapy uses reversible inhibitors of cholinesterase activity, such as pyridostigmine bromide (PB). The nature of this illness implies that we must be sure that all available PB immediate-release tablets produce the same therapeutic response. The aim of this study was to analyze PB immediate-release formulations provided by pharmacies in MERCOSUR countries A, B, and C. The formulations, which were produced in different manufacturing plants of the same multinational company, were analyzed following USP 29 specifications. The products fulfilled the assay, uniformity of dosage units, and dissolution test in S2 stage. Dissolution profiles were carried out following EMEA and FDA regulations, and the similarity factor (f2) was applied to A and C but not B, as this one did not fulfill the dissolution requirements. Pyridostigmine bromide tablets from countries A and C are considered to be similar and could be interchangeable. Formulation B exhibited such different dissolution behavior that its interchangeability is discouraged, as well as its introduction in countries A and C from the manufacturing country B.Fil: Pizzorno, Maria Teresa. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Zubata, Patricia D.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; ArgentinaFil: Simionato, Laura Daniela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; ArgentinaFil: Ercolano, Irma. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; ArgentinaFil: Pizzorno, Maria Teresa. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; Argentin

A Symmetric Dual Encoding Dense Retrieval Framework for Knowledge-Intensive Visual Question Answering

Knowledge-Intensive Visual Question Answering (KI-VQA) refers to answering a question about an image whose answer does not lie in the image. This paper presents a new pipeline for KI-VQA tasks, consisting of a retriever and a reader. First, we introduce DEDR, a symmetric dual encoding dense retrieval framework in which documents and queries are encoded into a shared embedding space using uni-modal (textual) and multi-modal encoders. We introduce an iterative knowledge distillation approach that bridges the gap between the representation spaces in these two encoders. Extensive evaluation on two well-established KI-VQA datasets, i.e., OK-VQA and FVQA, suggests that DEDR outperforms state-of-the-art baselines by 11.6% and 30.9% on OK-VQA and FVQA, respectively. Utilizing the passages retrieved by DEDR, we further introduce MM-FiD, an encoder-decoder multi-modal fusion-in-decoder model, for generating a textual answer for KI-VQA tasks. MM-FiD encodes the question, the image, and each retrieved passage separately and uses all passages jointly in its decoder. Compared to competitive baselines in the literature, this approach leads to 5.5% and 8.5% improvements in terms of question answering accuracy on OK-VQA and FVQA, respectively

The crisis of party democracy, cognitive mobilization, and the case for making parties more deliberative

The much-discussed crisis of political parties poses a challenge to democratic theorists as institutional designers: how can the capacity of parties to mediate between society and state be resuscitated? In this paper, we suggest that parties need to become more internally deliberative, allowing partisans to debate policy and more general visions for the polity. We outline a prescriptive model of deliberative intra-party democracy, drawing on the empirical literature on the changing structure of civic and political engagement. We argue that deliberative reforms are the most appropriate response to the demands of an increasingly more cognitively mobilized citizenry which seeks self-expression and non-hierarchical forms of political engagement. We highlight the model’s distinctive strengths and defend it against several objections