Deposition of nanoscale rhodium dots by STM assisted CVD

Direct patterning of nanometric metallic features is possible by local decomposition of gaseous molecules on a surface, induced by application of a pulse voltage on a STM tip while surface imaging. Decomposition reaction occurs above a threshold voltage of 2.7 V corresponding to an electric field of about 5.4 107 V.cm-1 between STM tip and sample. Metallic Rhodium dots as small as 3 nm can be deposited using this method. The kinetics of formation of these dots are discussed and a reaction mechanism is proposed

Influence of ferrule preparation with or without glass fiber post on fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effect of ferrule preparation (Fp) on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth, restored with composite resin cores with or without glass fiber posts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-four bovine teeth were sectioned 19 or 17 mm (2 mm ferrule) from the apex, endodontically treated and assigned to four groups (n = 11): Group 1: Fp and post; Group 2: Fp and without post; Group 3: without Fp and with post; Group 4: without Fp and without post. All specimens were restored with composite resin core and metal crown. Specimens were subjected to fracture resistance testing in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (&#945;=0.05). RESULTS: The mean fracture resistance values were as follows: Group 1: 573.3 N; Group 2: 552.5 N; Group 3: 275.3 N; Group 4: 258.6 N. Significantly higher fracture resistance was found for the groups with Fp (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: There was no statistically significant interaction between the "Fp" and "post" factors (p = 0.954). The ferrule preparation increased the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. However, the use of glass fiber post showed no significant influence on the fracture resistance

Disponibilidade de metais pesados para milho cultivado em Latossolo sucessivamente tratado com lodos de esgoto Heavy metals availability for corn cultivated in a Latosol sucessively amended with sewage sludges

Apesar do potencial para o uso agrícola de lodos de esgoto, seus conteúdos de metais pesados podem se tornar um fator limitante a esse uso. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes e doses de lodo de esgoto, oriundos das Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto de Barueri (LB), que trata esgoto doméstico e industrial, e de Franca (LF), que trata esgoto predominantemente doméstico, ambas localizadas no Estado de São Paulo, sobre os teores de metais pesados em solo e sobre a fitodisponibilidade desses elementos químicos para o milho. O experimento foi realizado entre os anos de 1999 e 2001, no Campo Experimental da Embrapa Meio Ambiente, em Jaguariúna (SP), em três cultivos sucessivos de milho, e estudados os seguintes tratamentos, para os dois lodos: testemunha absoluta; adubação mineral (NPK) recomendada para a cultura do milho; dose dos lodos de esgoto para fornecer uma, duas, quatro e oito vezes a dose de N do tratamento NPK. Foram determinados os teores totais (solo, folha e grão de milho) e disponíveis (solo) de Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn. O uso de doses crescentes do LB aumentou os teores disponíveis dos metais avaliados em solo, quando se utilizou a solução de DTPA. Os incrementos nos teores totais de metais pesados foram maiores nas parcelas adubadas com o LB. As soluções de Mehlich-1 e DTPA mostraram-se eficientes em predizer a fitodisponibilidade de Zn para o milho, quando as folhas e grãos foram analisados.<br>This study carried out in order to evaluate the effect of sewage sludge (from Barueri: industrial and residential sewage, and Franca (SP) State: residential sewage) doses on soil heavy metal contents and their availability to corn. Three successive experiments were installed in a Latosol at the Experimental Field of Embrapa Environment, in Jaguariúna (SP), from 1999 to 2001. The treatments investigated consisted of: control (without sewage sludge); mineral fertilization (NPK) recommended for corn; and application of both sewage sludge sources to supply one, two, four and eight times the N dose applied in the NPK treatment. It was quantified the total (soil, leaf and grain) and available (DTPA and Mehlich-1) contents of Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Barueri sludge application increased the heavy metal contents extracted by DTPA solution. The total contents of heavy metals in soil are higher in plots fertilized with Barueri sewage sludge in relation to those quantified in areas treated with Franca sludge. When leaf and grain are analyzed, DTPA and Mehlich-1 solutions are effective in predicting the availability of Zn to corn plants