Gljive povezane s bolestima gljivičnog raka na maslini u Istri (Hrvatska)

A survey in olive orchards in Istria (Croatia) was carried out from 2016 to 2018 to investigate pathogens potentially associated with olive decline and dieback. In nine orchards, canker-like symptoms were recorded on olive trunks and branches. Six fungal species were isolated from cankers: Geosmithia sp., Diaporthe sp., Diatrype stigma, Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Pseudophaeomoniella oleae. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in a greenhouse, on branches of 4-year-old local cultivar ‘Buza’. Eight months after branch inoculation, D. seriata showed to be the most aggressive, causing an average of 67 mm long lesion. N. parvum caused 31 mm long lesion, while Diaporthe sp. showed only weak aggressiveness, causing 3 mm long lesion. Diatrype stigma, P. oleae and Geosmithia sp. did not cause any symptoms on inoculated plants. This is the first report of Neofusicoccum parvum and Diaporthe sp. as pathogens on olive in Istria (Croatia).Terensko istraživanje maslinika u Istri (Hrvatska), provedeno je od 2016. do 2018. godine s ciljem utvrđivanja potencijalnih patogena povezanih s odumiranjem i sušenjem maslina. Šest vrsta gljiva izolirano je s drvenastih dijelova masline sa simptomima gljivičnog raka: Geosmithia sp., Diaporthe sp., Diatrype stigma, Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum parvum i Pseudophaeomoniella oleae. Test patogenosti proveden je u plasteniku, na granama 4-godišnjih sadnica maslina autohtone sorte Buža. Osam mjeseci nakon inokulacije, D. seriata pokazala se kao najagresivnija vrsta uzrokujući lezije duljine 67 mm, N. parvum je uzrokovao lezije duljine 31 mm, a Diaporthe sp. pokazao se kao najslabiji patogen, uzrokujući lezije duljine 3 mm. Vrste D. stigma, P. oleae i Geosmithia sp. nisu uzrokovale simptome na inokuliranim maslinama. Prema našim spoznajama, ovo je prvi nalaz vrsta Neofusicoccum parvum i Diaporthe sp. kao patogena masline u Istri (Hrvatska)

Analysis of the influence of weather conditions on yield and yield components of winter wheat varieties

Cilj rada bio je utvrditi prinos, komponente prinosa (broj klasova po m2, broj zrna po klasu i masu 1000 zrna) i neka morfološka svojstva (visinu biljke, dužinu klasa, masu vlati, masu klasa, hektolitarsku masu, vlagu zrna) osam različitih sorti ozime pšenice (Kraljica, Tika Taka, Tata Mata, Srpanjka, Viktorija, Maja, BC Anica, Sofru) te prikazati vremenske prilike tijekom vegetacije pšenice 2018./2019. i povezati s prinosima i drugim ispitivanim parametrima. Korišteni su podatci mjesečnih količina oborina (mm) i podatci srednjih mjesečnih temperatura zraka (°C) tijekom vegetacije pšenice 2018./2019. te višegodišnji prosjeci od 1961. do 1990. godine. Provedenim istraživanjem je utvrđeno da su vremenske prilike tijekom vegetacije pšenice 2018./2019. bile relativno povoljne za uzgoj pšenice iako je došlo do odstupanja u količini oborina u odnosu na višegodišnji prosjek, dok su temperature u prosjeku bile više za 2° C. Tijekom zimskih mjeseci u promatranom je razdoblju pala znatno manja količina oborina te je zima bila blaga što je povoljno utjecalo na razvoj pšenice i omogućilo dobivanje visokih prinosa. Analizom je utvrđen statistički značajan utjecaj sorte na prinos i na sve komponente prinosa. Analizom je također utvrđeno da vremenske prilike imaju utjecaj na prinose i komponente prinosa. Po pitanju prinosa sorta Tata Mata je ostvarila najbolje rezultate, a sorte Viktorija i Srpanjka najslabije. Sorta Tika Taka imala je najveću visinu stabljike, masu vlati, dužinu klasa, masu klasa te broj zrna u klasu. Sorte BC Anica, Tika Taka i Kraljica ostvarile su visoke prinose koji se nisu statistički značajnije razlikovali. Sorta Sofru je ostvarila najmanji postotak vlage zrna. Sorta Maja je ostvarila nešto slabiji prinos, dok se po drugim komponentama prinosa nije statistički značajnije razlikovala od ostalih sorti. Srpanjka je najniža sorta u ovom istraživanju.Research goals of this study was to determine the yield, yield components (number of classes per m2, number of grains per class and weight of 1000 grains) and some morphological characheristics (plant height, class lenght, mass of classes, hectolitre mass, grain moisture) of eight different varieties of winter wheat (Kraljica, Tika Taka, Tata Mata, Srpanjka, Viktorija, Maja, BC Anica, Sofru) and show weather conditions during the 2018./2019. wheat vegetation and correlate with yields and other tested parameters. Monthly rainfall data (mm) and mean monthly air temperature (° C) data were used during wheat vegetation 2018./2019. Monthly rainfall data and mean monthly air temperature data for the period 1961. to 1990. were used to compare the vegetation year examined with the perennial average. The analysis showed that wheater conditions during the 2018./2019. wheat vegetation were relatively favorable for wheat cultivation. There where significant variations in precipitation, compared to the perennial average, and temperatures averaged 2° C. During the winter months there was a much smaller rainfall and winter was mild which was favorably affected wheat development and enabled high yields to be obtained. The analysis established a statistically significant impact of the variety on the yield and statistically significant influence of the variety on all components of the yield. The analysis also showed that weather has a significant impact on yield and yield components. In terms of yield, the Tata Mata variety achieved the best results and the Viktorija and Srpanjka varieties performed the worst. The Tika Taka variety had the highest stem height, bush weight, class lenght, class mass and number of grains per class. BC Anica, Tika Taka and Kraljica varieties achieved high yields that did not differ significantly. The Sofru variety achieved the lowest percentage of grain moisture. The Maja cultivar produces a slightly lower yield, while it did not differ significantly from other cultivars in other yield components. Srpanjka is also the lowest variety in the study

Antifungal efficacy of Lactobacillus spp. on wheat grain

Alternaria alternata i Fusarium graminearum su mikotoksikogene plijesni. Javljaju se kao kontaminanti žitarica na polju i u skladištu, te su jedni od najčešćih uzročnika bolesti kod pšenice. Izazivaju štete u vidu smanjenja prinosa, a ujedno i prihoda, a njihovi produkti, mikotoksini, mogu ostaviti ozbiljne posljedice po zdravlje ljudi i životinja. U cilju suzbijanja kontaminacije zrna pšenice s ovim plijesnima ispitana je antifugalna djelotvornost bakterija mliječne kiseline Lactobacillus brevis i Lactobacillus casei. Iz rezultata provedenog istraživanja utvrđena je značajna inhibicija micelijskog rasta F. graminearum i A. alternata uz djelovanje L. brevis i L. casei. Rezultati dobiveni ovim istraživanjem ukazuju na mogućnost korištenja bakterija mliječne kiseline u suzbijanju rasta fitopatogena koji dovode do značajnih gubitaka prinosa, kao jednu od bioloških metoda zaštite usjevaAlternaria alternata and Fusarium graminearum are mycotoxicogenic mildew. They are often reported as field and storage grain contaminants, and are one of the most common causes of wheat disease. They cause damage in form of yield reduction (causing revenue reduction at the same time). Their products, mycotoxins, can have serious consequences for human and animal health. In order to suppress wheat grain contamination with this mold, antifungal efficacy of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus casei was investigated. Based on results from this study, significant inhibitory myelogenous growth of F.graminearum and A. alternata with L. brevis and L. casei was found. The results obtained from this study indicate the possibility of using lactic acid bacteria in suppressing the growth of phytopathogens leading to significant yield losses, such as one of the biological methods of crop protection

Pojavnost mikotoksina u hrani i piću

This paper describes the mycotoxins produced by fungi from the genera Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Claviceps and other types of molds, their characteristics and importance. Mycotoxins are secondary fungi metabolites that serve as a defense mechanism in stressful conditions. Several hundred mycotoxins have been identified so far, and the most significant in terms of danger to human health and animals are aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, fumonisin, zearalenone and nivalenol/deoxynivalenol produced by toxigenic fungi from the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Claviceps, Stachybotris and Fusarium. Moisture and temperature are two factors that have a crucial influence on the development of the fungus and the synthesis of toxins. It is estimated that approximately 25% of agricultural crops are infected with fungi. Consequently, foods can also be contaminated with mycotoxins. By treating the stored grain with various chemicals, and in recent years, using environmentally friendly fungicides, the synthesis of mycotoxins is being prevented and the development of mycotoxicogenic fungi is being controlled. The mycotoxicosis can occur directly through the consumption of infected food, inhalation and skin contact, or indirectly through animals that eat contaminated feed. Mycotoxins have a pathological effect primarily on liver. Some mycotoxins also interfere with cellular protein synthesis, causing hypersensitivity and extreme immunodeficiency. Despite mycotoxins being resilient and remaining stable while undergoing chemical and thermal food processing, methods such as applying good hygiene and production practices from field to table can reduce their occurence.U ovom radu opisani su mikotoksini koji stvaraju gljivice iz rodova Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Claviceps i drugih vrsta plijesni; njihove karakteristike i važnost. Mikotoksini su sekundarni metaboliti gljivica koji služe kao obrambeni mehanizam u stresnim uvjetima. Do sada je identificirano više stotina mikotoksina, a najznačajniji s obzirom na opasnost za ljudsko zdravlje i životinje su aflatoksini, ohratoksin A, patulin, fumonizin, zearalenon i nivalenol/deoksinivalenol koje stvaraju toksikogene gljivice iz rodova Penicillium, Aspergillus, Claviceps, Stachybotris i Fusarium. Vlaga i temperatura dva su faktora koji imaju krucijalni utjecaj na razvoj gljive i sintezu toksina. Procjenjuje se da je oko 25% poljoprivrednih usjeva zaraženo gljivama. Posljedično tome namirnice mogu također biti kontaminirane mikotoksinima. Tretiranjem uskladištenog zrna raznim kemikalijama, a zadnjih godina primjenom ekološki prihvatljivih fungicida, onemogućuje se sinteza mikotoksina i kontrolira se razvoj mikotoksikogenih gljiva. Do pojave mikotoksikoza može doći direktno konzumacijom zaražene hrane, inhalacijom i kontaktom putem kože ili indirektno konzumacijom mesa, mliječnih proizvoda i jaja životinja koje se hrane kontaminiranom krmom. Mikotoksini patološki prije svega djeluju na jetru. Neki mikotoksini također interferiraju sa sintezom staničnih bjelančevina uzrokujući preosjetljivost i ekstremnu imunodeficijenciju. Budući da je karakteristika mikotoksina da su kemijski i termički stabilni i da podnose procese prerade hrane, ipak postoje metode pomoću kojih se njihova pojavnost može smanjiti, pogotovo primjenom dobre higijenske i proizvodne prakse od polja do stola

Investigation of gene pool and genealogical links between sheep breeds of southern Russia by blood groups and DNA microsatellites

To study the gene pool and the establishment of genealogical relationships between breeds of sheep of different directions productivity bred in Russia, were used two classes of genetic markers - blood and DNA microsatellites. The included sample sheep are fine-wool Merino breeds: Grozny (GR), Caucasian (CA), Manychskij merino (MM), the Soviet Merino (SM), Stavropol (ST) and coarse wool breeds: Edilbaevskaya (ED), Karakul (CR) and Romanov (RO). For the study of erythrocyte, were selected antigens (blood group) in 1159 samples from 11 breeding farms. For microsatellite DNA study - 598 from 10 breeding farms. Microsatellite analysis revealed that the most polymorphic were Stavropol breed sheep that have identified an average of 18.27 alleles per locus were relatively conservative Romanov breed sheep - 9.7 alleles per locus. The minimum genetic distances established between Grozny and Soviet Merino - 0.0569 (for microsatellites) and 0.0741 (blood groups - later in the same sequence). The rocks of the Stavropol - Grozny were 0.0861 and 0, 0810. Whereas Stavropol and Soviet Merino 0.0861 and 0.1094. Also relatively close between Grozny - Edilbaevskoy, Grozny Karakul, Edilbaevskoy - Karakul: 0.1364 and 0.0851, respectively; 0.1620 and 0.1208; 0.1875 and 0.1192. The highest genetic distances were between Stavropol and Karakul 0.2664 and 0.1804, as well as between the Romanov and all studied species - 0.2491 ... 0.3211 and 0.1734 ... 0.2235

Possibilities of application of Trichoderma species in fungal disease control of olive (Olea europaea L.)

Maslina (Olea europaea L.) je važna kultura koja se uzgaja u mediteranskom dijelu Republike Hrvatske. U posljednje vrijeme gljivične bolesti maslina predstavljaju sve veći izazov za proizvođače. Kao najčešća mjera u suzbijanju primjenjuju se kemijska sredstva za zaštitu bilja. Međutim, kemijska sredstva ispoljavaju vrlo štetan utjecaj na okoliš i zdravlje ljudi i životinja i ne samo da suzbijaju štetne organizme već čine štete i po korisne organizme, što dovodi do ekološke neravnoteže. Stoga, proizvođači se sve češće okreću alternativnim metodama zaštite i primjeni bioloških sredstava za zaštitu bilja. Trichoderma vrste dokazano suzbijaju veliki broj fitopatogenih gljiva i pokazuju potencijal u suzbijanju fitopatogena masline.Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an important crop grown in the Mediterranean part of the Republic of Croatia. Recently, fungal diseases of olives are becoming an increasing challenge for producers. As the most common fungal disease control, chemical products are applied. However, chemical products have a very harmful impact on the environment and human and animal health and not only suppress pathogens but also do harm to beneficial organisms, which leads to ecological imbalances. Therefore, producers are increasingly turning to alternative methods of protection and the application of biological plant protection products. Trichoderma species have been proven to suppress a large number of phytopathogenic fungi and show potential against fungal pathogens of olives

Kratki tandemski ponovci (Short Tandem Repeats - STR) u genomici i odgajivanju goveda

Molecular markers are essential tool for determining the specific genetic makeup of an individual and are valuable approach for genetic improvement of farm animals. In cattle breeding their application is useful for improvement of breeding programs for desired traits, better productivity and high quality products. These markers provide more accurate genetic information and better knowledge of the animal genetic resources. In this review we attempt to make a brief summary on the application of one of more advanced DNA-based molecular markers in cattle breeding, namely short tandem repeat (STR, microsatellites).Molekularni markeri su suštinsko sredstvo za određivanje specifičnog genetičkog sastava pojedinca i predstavljaju dragoceni pristup genetičkom oplemenjivanju farmskih životinja. U stočarstvu njihova primena je korisna za poboljšanje programa odgajivanja za željene osobine, veću produktivnost i proizvode visokog kvaliteta. Ovi markeri pružaju preciznije genetske informacije i bolje poznavanje genetičkih resursa životinja. U ovom preglednom radu pokušavamo da napravimo kratak pregled o primeni jednog naprednijeg molekularnig markera zasnovanog na DNK u stočarstvu, a to su kratki tandemski ponovci (STR, mikrosateliti)

Botryosphaeria dieback of grapevine

Vinova loza ubraja se u najvažnije kulture koje se uzgajaju u svijetu. Napada ju veliki broj fitopatogenih gljiva, među kojima se ističu i sve aktualnije postaju vrste iz porodice Botryosphaeriaceae. Simptomi se javljaju u obliku nekrotičnih lezija unutar drva, sušenja grozdova i sušenja mladica, krakova ili čitavih čokota. Bolest se češće uočava u starijim vinogradima. Najvažnije preventivne mjere podrazumijevaju sadnju zdravog sadnog materijala i izbor pogodne lokacije za uzgoj, a najvažnije izravne mjere zaštite podrazumijevanju uklanjanje zaraženih ostataka iz vinograda i njihovo uništavanje, primjenu fungicida i premazivanje rana nakon rezidbe te primjenu bioloških pripravaka za zaštitu bilja.Grapevine is one of the most important culture grown in the world. It is attacked by a large number of phytopathogenic fungi, of which species of the family Botryosphaeriaceae pose one of the most significant threats. Symptoms occur in the form of necrotic lesions, rot of fruits and decline of branches. The disease is more often observed in older vineyards. The most important preventive measures include planting a healthy planting material and the choice of a suitable location for cultivation, and the most important protection measures include the removal of infected remains from the vineyards and their destruction, the application of fungicides, the coating of wounds after pruning, and the application of biological preparations for plant protection

Proizvodnja i sastav mleka autohtone rase ovaca u Makedoniji

Several production traits have been examined in 180 Ovchepolian sheep during a four-year production period (2010-2013). The sheep ranged in age from the first to the 7th lactation and 4319 individual lactation controls were realized in total. Besides the basic statistics, all data were analysed using a multi-factorial fixed model. The influence of certain factors was studied using the F-test and the analyses were made using the SPSS set of programs. Most of the factors (year, lactation, lambing month and number of milk recording) had a highly significant influence (P (lt) 0.001) on daily milk production (milk from the morning, evening and the total amount of milk, % of milk fat and kg fat) in this breed of sheep. The month of milk recording also had a significant influence (P (lt) 0.05) on all traits. Only fertility had no impact on the variations in the tested parameters, aside from the total daily milk, on which a highly significant influence was manifested (P (lt) 0.01). The average milk lactation among the tested sheep population during all four years was, on average, 58 ± 0.247 l, while the production of milked milk for the same period was 37 ± 0.217 l. The length of the lactation period in these sheep for the four years studied averaged 182 ± 0.31 days. The maximal daily milk yield in this sheep population was measured in 2011 (0.302 ± 0.26 l). Regarding their age, the highest daily milk yield was determined in sheep in the third lactation (0.365 ± 0.26), while those in the 7th lactation had the lowest (0.255 ± 0.27).Ispitivano je nekoliko proizvodnih svojstava (laktacijska proizvodnja mleka, proizvodnja mleka u dojnom periodu, proizvodnja mleka u muznom periodu, dužina dojnog perioda, dužina laktacije, proizvodnja mleka u toku jutarnje muže, proizvodnja mleka u toku večernje muže i dnevna proizvodnja mleka) kod ukupno 180 ovcepoljskih ovaca, u toku četiri proizvodne godine (2010-2013). Uzrast ovaca bio je od prve do sedme laktacije, i kod njih je bilo realizovano ukupno 4319 individualnih laktacijskih kontrola. Osim bazične statistike, svi podaci su analizirani pomoću višefaktorijalnog fiksnog modela. Uticaj posebnih faktora ispitivan je pomoću F-testa, dok su analize urađene pomoću programskog paketa SPSS. Veći broj faktora (godina, laktacija, mesec jagnjenja i broj kontrole mleka), imali su visoko značajni uticaj (P (lt) 0,001), na dnevnu proizvodnju mleka (jutarnje, večernje i ukupno mleko, % mlečne masti i kg mlečne masti), kod ove rase ovaca. Mesec kontrole mleka u odnosu na sva svojstva imao je visoko značajni uticaj (P (lt) 0,001), osim na % mlečne masti (P>0,05). Jedino plodnost nije imala nikakav uticaj na varijacije ispitivanih parametara, osim na ukupnu dnevnu produkciju mleka, na koju je manifestovala visoko značajni uticaj (P (lt) 0,001). Prosečna laktacijska mlečnost kod ispitivane populacije ovaca, sa sve četiri godine u proseku je bila 58 ± 0,247 l, dok je proizvodnja muznog mleka u istom periodu bila 37 ± 0,217 l. Dužina laktacijskog perioda u toku četiri ispitivane godine u proseku je bila 182 ± 0,31 dana. Maksimalna dnevna mlečnost kod ove rase ovaca, izmerena je u toku 2011. godine (0,302 ± 0,26 l). U odnosu na starost, najveća dnevna mlečnost je utvrđena kod ovaca u trećoj laktaciji (0,365 ± 0,26), a najniža u sedmoj laktaciji (0,255 ± 0,27)

Uticaj faktora na proizvodna svojstva kod meleza Awassi ovce i ovčepoljske pramenke u Makedoniji

The purpose of the survey was to determine a bond between certain factors that affect most of the production traits in crossbreeds between Awassi and Ovchepolian indigenous sheep in Macedonia. We implemented 1145 individual lactation controls in two years of production (2012 and 2013). The impact of individual factors is studied using F-test and the analyses are made using SPSS set of programs. Many factors (lactation, lambing month and number of milk controls) had highly significant impact (P (lt) 0.001) on daily milk production (morning, evening and total milk, fat percentage and fat kg) in this breed of sheep. Only fertility had no impact on any of the examined factors, with the exception of total daily milk, on which manifested with highly significant impact (P (lt) 0.01). The average milk yield in examined crossbred sheep was 109 ± 0.479 l in two years of production, while the production of milked milk was 72 ± 0.421 l for the same period of time. The length of lactation period in these sheep was average 203 ± 0.61 days, for two analysed years. In relation to the age, in second lactation sheep was determined somewhat higher daily milk yield (0.478 ±0.01 l.), compared to sheep in first lactation (0.475 ± 0.01 l.). This is quite logical, keeping in mind the lactation curve in sheep, especially those of dairy breeds to which Awassi breed belongs.Cilj ovih istraživanja, bio je da se utvrdi veza između nekih faktora koji imaju uticaj na proizvodna svojstva kod meleza između rase Awassi i autohtone ovčepoljske ovce u Makedoniji. Uključili smo ukupno 1145 individualnih laktacijskih kontrola, u toku dve proizvodne godine (2012 i 2013). Uticaj posebnih faktora ispitivan je pomoću F-testa, dok su analize dobijenih podatka urađene pomoću programskog paketa SPSS. Veći broj faktora (laktacija, mesec jagnjenja i broj kontrole mlečnosti) imali su visoko značajan uticaj (P (lt) 0.001) na dnevnu proizvodnju mleka (jutarnje, večernje i ukupno mleko, % mlečne masti i kg mlečne masti). Jedino plodnost nije imala nikakav uticaj na ispitivane faktore, osim na ukupnu dnevnu produkciju mleka, gde je manifestovan visoko značajan uticaj (P (lt) 0.01). Prosečna laktacijska mlečnost kod ispitivanih meleza, bila je 109 ±0.479 l za dve proizvodne godine, dok je proizvodnja muznog mleka u istom periodu bila 72 ± 0,421 l. Dužina laktacijskog perioda u toku dve ispitivane godine u proseku je bila 203 ± 0,61 dana. U odnosu na uzrast, kod meleza u drugoj laktaciji je utvrđena nešto veća dnevna mlečnost (0.478 ±0.01 l.) u poređenju sa melezima u prvoj laktaciji (0.475 ± 0.01 l.). Ovo je sasvim logično imajući u vidu laktacijske krive kod ovce, posebno kod mlečne rase, gde pripada i Awassi rasa