266 research outputs found
Developments and first measurements of Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors produced at FBK
Segmented silicon sensors with internal gain, the so called Ultra-FAST Silicon Detectors (UFSD), have been produced at FBK for the first time. UFSD are based on the concept of Low- Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD), which are silicon detectors with an internal, low multiplication mechanism (gain ⇠ 10). This production houses two main type of devices: one type where the gain layer is on the same side of the read-out electrodes, the other type where the gain layer is on the side opposite to the pixellated electrodes (reverse-LGAD). Several technological splits have been included in the first production run, with the aim to tune the implantation dose of the multiplication layer, which controls the gain value of the detector. An extended testing on the wafers has been performed and the results are in line with simulations: the fabricated detectors show good performances, with breakdown voltages above 1000 Volts, and gain values in the range of 5–60 depending on the technological split. The detectors timing resolution has been measured by means of a laboratory setup based on an IR picosecond laser. The sample with higher gain shows time resolution of 55 ps at high reverse bias voltage, indicating very promising performance for future particle tracking applications
Two classes of linearly implicit numerical methods for stiff problems: analysis and MATLAB software
The purpose of this work lies in the writing of efficient and optimized Matlab codes to implement two classes of promising linearly implicit numerical schemes that can be used to accurately and stably solve stiff Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs), and also Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) through the Method Of Lines (MOL). Such classes of methods are the Runge-Kutta (RK) [28] and the Peer [17], and have been constructed using a variant of the Exponential-Fitting (EF) technique [27]. We carry out numerical tests to compare the two methods with each other, and also with the well known and very used Gaussian RK method, by the point of view of stability, accuracy and computational cost, in order to show their convenience
Hydrogeochemistry and Groundwater Quality Assessment in the High Agri Valley (Southern Italy)
The High Agri Valley (southern Italy) is one of the largest intermontane basin of the southern Apennines affected by intensive agricultural and industrial activities. The study of groundwater chemical features provides much important information useful in water resource management. In this study, hydrogeochemical investigations coupled with multivariate statistics, saturation indices, and stable isotope composition (δD and δ18O) were conducted in the High Agri Valley to determine the chemical composition of groundwater and to define the geogenic and anthropogenic influences on groundwater quality. Twenty-four sampling point ( including well and spring waters) have been examined. The isotopic data revealed that groundwater has a meteoric origin. Well waters, located on recent alluvial-lacustrine deposits in shallow porous aquifers at the valley floor, are influenced by seasonal rainfall events and show shallow circuits; conversely, spring waters from fissured and/or karstified aquifers are probably associated to deeper and longer hydrogeological circuits. The
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-mode factor analysis shows that three factors explain 94% of the total variance, and F1 represents the combined effect of dolomite and silicate dissolution to explain most water chemistry. In addition, very low contents of trace elements were detected, and their distribution was principally related to natural input. Only two well waters, used for irrigation use, show critical issue for NO3- concentrations, whose values are linked to agricultural activities. Groundwater quality strongly affects the management of water resources, as well as their suitability for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses. Overall, our results were considered fulfilling the requirements for the inorganic component of the Water Framework Directive and Italian legislation for drinking purposes. The water quality for irrigation is from "good to permissible" to "excellent to good" although salinity and relatively high content of Mg2+ can occasionally be critical
Coupling of Photonic Waveguides to Integrated Detectors Using 3D Inverse Tapering
We report on the design, fabrication, and characterization of a Silicon Nitride (SiN)-based integrated photonic chip in which the dielectric waveguides are coupled to photodetectors integrated homogeneously into the Silicon substrate.
The photonic-electronic coupling was realized by a 3D inverse tapering of SiN waveguides. The novelty of our approach consists in tapering the waveguide in the vertical direction by means of an engineered wet chemical etching. This allows for a smooth transition from a full-height to an arbitrarily thin waveguide thickness at the detector location, expanding adiabatically the optical mode towards the latter. The measured chips showed a responsivity A/mW and a corresponding quantum efficiency of at an excitation wavelength of ~nm. Our technological solution offers a versatile method for a top-down monolithic integration of lightwave circuitries with substrate-located photon sensing devices
Mn- and Fe-carbonate rich layers in Meso-Cenozoic shales as proxies of environmental conditions: A case study from the southern Apennine, Italy
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Serpentinite Carbonation for CO2 Sequestration in the Southern Apennines: Preliminary Study
Abstract During "Mineral CO2 sequestration" the CO2 is chemically stored in solid carbonates by the carbonations of minerals. The sequestration of CO2 is permanent and safe. Mineral carbonation is an exothermic reaction and occurs naturally in the subsurface as a result of fluid–rock interactions within serpentinite. In situ carbonation aims to promote these reactions by injecting CO2 into porous, subsurface geological formations. In the northern sector of the Pollino Massif (southern Italy) extensively occur serpentinites; they are the subject of a project devoted to their possible use for in situ geological sequestration of CO2
Mineralogy and heavy metal assessment of the Pietra del Pertusillo reservoir sediments (Southern Italy)
The Pietra del Pertusillo freshwater reservoir is a major artificial lake of environmental, biological, and ecological importance
located in the Basilicata region, southern Italy. The reservoir arch-gravity dam was completed in 1963 for producing hydroelectric
energy and providing water for human use, and nearby there are potential sources of anthropogenic pollution such as urban
and industrial activities. For the first time, the minero-chemistry of the lake and fluvio-lacustrine sediments of the reservoir have
been evaluated to assess the environmental quality. Moreover, the composition of fluvial sediments derived from the peri-lacual
zone of the reservoir and of local outcropping bedrock were also studied to understand the factors affecting the behavior of
elements in the freshwater reservoir, with particular attention paid to heavy metals. In Italy, specific regulatory values concerning
the element threshold concentration for lake and river sediments do not exist, and for this reason, soil threshold values are
considered the standard for sediments of internal waters. The evaluation of the environmental quality of reservoir sediments has
been performed using enrichment factors obtained with respect to the average composition of a reconstructed local upper
continental crust. We suggest this method as an innovative standard in similar conditions worldwide. In the studied reservoir
sediments, the trace elements that may be of some environmental concern are Cr, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb although, at this stage, the
distribution of these elements appears to be mostly driven by geogenic processes. However, within the frame of the assessment
and the preservation of the quality of aquatic environments, particular attention has to be paid to As (which shows median value
of 10 ppm, reaching a maximum value of 26 ppm in Quaternary sediments), constantly enriched in the lacustrine samples and
especially in the fine-grained fraction (median = 8.5 ppm)
Petrography and Geochemistry of the Leucocratic Rocks in the Ophiolites from the Pollino Massif (Southern Italy)
In the Tethyan realm, leucocratic rocks were recognized as dikes and layers outcropping in the ophiolitic rocks of the Western Alps, in Corsica, and in the Northern Apennines. Several authors have suggested that the origin of leucocratic rocks is associated with partial melting of cumulate gabbro. Major and trace elements composition and paragenesis provided information about the leucocratic rocks genetic processes. This research aims at disclosing, for the first time, the petrographical and geochemical features of Timpa delle Murge leucocratic rocks, Pollino Massif (southern Italy), in order to discuss their origin and geodynamic significance through a comparison with other Tethyan leucocratic rocks. These rocks are characterized by high amounts of silica with moderate alumina and iron-magnesium contents showing higher potassium contents than plagiogranites, due to plagioclase alteration to sericite. Plagioclase fractionation reflects negative Eu anomalies indicating its derivation from gabbroic crystal mushes. The chondrite normalized REEs patterns suggest the participation of partial melts derived from a metasomatized mantle in a subduction environment. The results reveal some similarities in composition with other Tethyan leucocratic rocks, especially those concerning Corsica and the Northern Alps. These new data provide further clues on the origin of these leucocratic rocks and the Tethyan area geodynamic evolutio
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Characterization of Emitter Wrap through Solar Cells with Deep Grooved Base Contact (EWT-DGB)
Abstract In this work we present an Emitter Wrap Through cell with Deep Grooved Base contact (EWT-DGB), designed for both 1-sun and concentrating applications. The proposed approach, which consists in a deep grooved hole array composed by holes of two alternating doping type, allows both a reduction of the cell series resistance and an increase in collection efficiency also by using relatively thick substrates with low lifetime. The measured experimental data including dark J-V characteristics, figures of merit (FOMs) under illumination and external quantum efficiency (EQE) are compared to the results of 3-D drift-diffusion TCAD numerical simulations. Moreover, the impact of the hole spacing and of process-dependent physical parameters (interface defects) on FOMs is investigated by means of simulations
Cryogenic Characterization of FBK HD Near-UV Sensitive SiPMs
We report on the characterization of near-ultraviolet high density silicon
photomultiplier (\SiPM) developed at Fondazione Bruno Kessler (\FBK) at
cryogenic temperature. A dedicated setup was built to measure the primary dark
noise and correlated noise of the \SiPMs\ between 40 and 300~K. Moreover, an
analysis program and data acquisition system were developed to allow the
precise characterization of these parameters, some of which can vary up to 7
orders of magnitude between room temperature and 40~K. We demonstrate that it
is possible to operate the \FBK\ near-ultraviolet high density \SiPMs\ at
temperatures lower than 100~K with a dark rate below 0.01 cps/mm and total
correlated noise probability below 35\% at an over-voltage of 6~V. These
results are relevant for the development of future cryogenic particle detectors
using \SiPMs\ as photosensors
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