ESTRATÉGIAS DE ENSINO AO MANEJO CLÍNICO DO DIABETES TIPO 2 NA GRADUAÇÃO MÉDICA: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA

This review integrated studies about the teaching-learning that takes place in medical schools for the development of skills in the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). We obtained primary sources from the following databases: BVS, Embase, Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science using appropriate descriptors, and selected the period between 2007 and 2021 for inclusion of studies. We grouped 26 studies into four categories that integrate the forms of teaching-learning, curriculum content, and skills development targets. The categories: Immersion in Service Training Programs; Electronic Games and Multimedia Strategies; Interests, Instruments and Ways of Assessing Clinical Skills and Attitudes; and Curriculum Models and Analyses. Teaching activities blend traditional and active methodologies, they incorporate didactic, psychological, and technological resources and concepts to optimize teaching-learning and the available structure. The development of clinical competencies begins in the basic undergraduate cycle, with the concern to anchor them in the best evidence. It is desired to achieve the formation of a generalist profile directed to the performance in Primary Health Care that encompasses competencies to manage people, resources and health, enabled by technical and humanistic apparatus in order to prevent and treat DM2 and its consequences, reduce its risks and impacts on health and community, promoting education and empowerment of those affected to self-management.Esta revisión incluyó estudios sobre la enseñanza-aprendizaje que tiene lugar en las escuelas de medicina para el desarrollo de habilidades para el manejo de la Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 (DM2). Se obtuvieron fuentes primarias de las siguientes bases de datos: BVS, Embase, Pubmed, Scopus y Web of Science utilizando los descriptores adecuados, y se seleccionó el período comprendido entre 2007 y 2021 para la inclusión de los estudios. Agrupamos 26 estudios en cuatro categorías que integran las formas de enseñanza-aprendizaje, el contenido del plan de estudios y los objetivos de desarrollo de competencias. Las categorías son: Inmersión en programas de formación de servicios; Juegos electrónicos y estrategias multimedia; Intereses, instrumentos y formas de evaluar las habilidades y actitudes clínicas; y Modelos y análisis curriculares. Las actividades docentes mezclan metodologías tradicionales y activas, incorporan recursos y conceptos didácticos, psicológicos y tecnológicos para optimizar la enseñanza-aprendizaje y la estructura disponible. El desarrollo de las competencias clínicas comienza desde el ciclo básico de la carrera, con la preocupación de anclarlas en las mejores evidencias. Se desea lograr la formación de un perfil generalista dirigido al desempeño en Atención Primaria de Salud que abarque habilidades a las personas, recursos y gestión de la salud, habilitadas por aparatos técnicos y humanísticos con el fin de prevenir y tratar la DM2 y sus consecuencias, reducir sus riesgos e impactos en la salud y la comunidad, promoviendo la educación y el empoderamiento de los afectados para su autogestión.Essa revisão integrou estudos acerca do ensino-aprendizado que acontece nas graduações médicas para o desenvolvimento de habilidades ao manejo do Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 (DM2). Obtivemos as fontes primárias nas bases de dados: BVS, Embase, Pubmed, Scopus e Web Of Science por meio de descritores apropriados, e selecionamos o período entre 2007 e 2021 para inclusão dos estudos. Agrupamos 26 estudos em quatro categorias que integram as formas de ensino-aprendizado, os conteúdos curriculares, e as habilidades alvos ao desenvolvimento. As categorias são: a Imersão em Programas de Treinamento em Serviços; as Estratégias Eletrônicas de Games e Multimídias; os Interesses, Instrumentos e Maneiras de Avaliação de Competências e Atitudes Clínicas; e os Modelos e Análises Curriculares. As atividades de ensino mesclam metodologias tradicionais e ativas, incorporam recursos e conceitos didáticos, psicológicos e tecnológicos para otimizar o ensino-aprendizado e a estrutura disponível. O desenvolvimento de competências clínicas inicia-se desde o ciclo básico da graduação, com a preocupação de ancorá-las nas melhores evidências. Deseja-se alcançar a formação de um perfil do generalista direcionado à atuação na Atenção Primária em Saúde que englobe competências à gestão de pessoas, dos recursos e da saúde, habilitado por aparato técnico e humanístico a fim de prevenir e tratar o DM2 e suas consequências, reduzir seus riscos e impactos na saúde e na comunidade, promovendo a educação e o empoderamento dos acometidos ao automanejo

Diabetes immersion training as teaching method to medical practitioners

Este estudo avaliou a eficácia do método de ensino teórico e prático sobre diabetes e a atitude de profissionais médicos quanto à realização de controle glicêmico intensivo. Participaram de um curso de imersão em diabetes, com dois dias de duração, 48 médicos-residentes de clínica médica ou endocrinologia. Os participantes receberam treinamento de monitorização de glicemia capilar, técnicas de aplicação de insulina e contagem de carboidratos, sendo orientados a se portarem como diabéticos e a seguir prescrição médica individual. Foram avaliados através de questionários. No questionário de conhecimentos, observou-se um aumento significante de 12% no índice de acertos entre o início e o final do curso (61,2% e 73,2%, respectivamente, com p < 0,0001). Antes do curso, 70,8% dos participantes diziam ter dificuldades na contagem de carboidratos e 89,6%, na automonitorização glicêmica. Após a experiência prática, 82,9% dos participantes encontraram dificuldades na realização de contagem de carboidratos e 80,8%, na automonitorização; 40,4% fizeram uso de todas as medicações prescritas e 36,1% monitorizaram todas as glicemias. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que esse tipo de curso é eficaz para a aquisição de conhecimentos e contribui com a sensibilização do profissional médico quanto às dificuldades cotidianas enfrentadas pelo portador de diabetes melito na aderência às recomendações.This study evaluated the effectiveness of theoretical and practical teaching method in diabetes and doctors' position about feasibility of intensive blood glucose control. Forty-eight internal medicine or endocrinology residents participated in a two-day diabetes immersion course. The participants received training on self-blood glucose monitoring, techniques of insulin administration and carbohydrate counting. They were also instructed to behave as patients with diabetes and to follow individual medical prescription. They were assessed through questionnaires. In knowledge assessment, a significant increase of 12% was observed between the beginning and the end of the course (61.2% and 73.2%, respectively, with p < 0.0001). Before the course, 70.8% and 89.6% of the participants believed there were complications in performing carbohydrate counting and blood glucose monitoring, respectively. After the experience, 82.9% of them had difficulties in carbohydrate counting and 80.8% in self-monitoring; 40.4% took all medications prescribed and 36.1% monitored blood glucose correctly. These results show that the methodology of this course is an effective way to disseminate knowledge and that it contributes to doctors becoming more sensitive to daily problems faced by patients with diabetes melito concerning the acceptance of medical recommendations

A Cross-sectional Study Of Depression And Self-care In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With And Without Foot Ulcers.

Depression has been recognized as a risk factor for foot ulceration in persons with diabetes mellitus. Using convenience sampling methods, a cross-sectional study was conducted among persons with type 2 diabetes treated in a diabetic foot clinic in Sao Paulo, Brazil between February 2010 and December 2011. One hundred (100) patients (average age 62 years, range 38 to 83 years), 50 with a foot ulcer and 50 at risk for developing a foot ulcer, participated. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), where scores increase with severity; and patients were interviewed about foot self-care behaviors. Average BDI scores among patients with an ulcer were higher (mean 20.37; range 1 to 42) than those of patients that had not developed a foot ulcer (mean 15.70; range 2 to 49) (P = 0.030). Self-care behavior was not significantly different between the two groups. Severe depression (P = 0.049, OR= 6.56 95% CI 1.01-42.58) and male gender (P <0.001, OR=14.87 95% CI 3.83-57.82) were associated with the presence of a foot ulcer. Despite reported adequate self-care behaviors, patients with an ulcer had more symptoms of depression than patients who were at risk for developing a foot ulcer. Studies examining cause-and-effect relationships between these observations and the potential role of depression interventions are needed. The results of this and other studies suggest depression screening is important in patients with diabetes mellitus and foot ulcers.6046-5

Dyspeptic Symptoms In Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: Endoscopic Findings, Helicobacter Pylori Infection, And Associations With Metabolic Control, Mood Disorders And Nutritional Factors.

To evaluate, in a group of patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes (DM1), an association of dyspepsia symptoms with: changes in the gastroduodenal mucosa, infection by Helicobacter pylori, glycemic control, and psychological and nutritional factors. A total of 32 patient with DM1 were studied (age: 38 ± 9 years; females: 25; diabetes duration: 22 ± 5 years). All patients answered a standardized questionnaire for the evaluation of gastrointestinal symptoms and underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, with gastric biopsies for the evaluation of Helicobacter pylori infection. The presence of anxiety and depression was evaluated by the HAD scale. Nutritional parameters were BMI, arm and waist circumference, skinfold measurement, and body fat percentage. Upper endoscopy detected lesions in the gastric mucosa in 34.4% of the patients, with similar frequency in those with (n = 21) and without dyspepsia (n = 11). The patients with dyspepsia complaints showed greater frequency of depression (60% vs. 0%; p = 0.001), higher values for HbA1c (9.6 ± 1.7 vs. 8.2 ± 1.3%; p = 0.01) and lower values for BMI (24.3 ± 4.1 vs. 27.2 ± 2.6 kg/m2; p = 0.02), body fat percentage (26.6 ± 6.2 vs. 30.8 ± 7.7%; p = 0.04), and waist circumference (78.7 ± 8 vs. 85.8 ± 8.1 cm; p = 0.02). No association was found between the symptoms and the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Dyspepsia symptoms in patients with long-standing DM1 were associated with glycemic control and depression, and they seem to negatively influence the nutritional status of these patients.59129-13

Dyspeptic symptoms in patients with type 1 diabetes: endoscopic findings, Helicobacter pylori infection, and associations with metabolic control, mood disorders and nutritional factors

Objectives To evaluate, in a group of patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes (DM1), an association of dyspepsia symptoms with: changes in the gastroduodenal mucosa, infection by Helicobacter pylori, glycemic control, and psychological and nutritional factors. Subjects and methods A total of 32 patient with DM1 were studied (age: 38 ± 9 years; females: 25; diabetes duration: 22 ± 5 years). All patients answered a standardized questionnaire for the evaluation of gastrointestinal symptoms and underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, with gastric biopsies for the evaluation of Helicobacter pylori infection. The presence of anxiety and depression was evaluated by the HAD scale. Nutritional parameters were BMI, arm and waist circumference, skinfold measurement, and body fat percentage. Results Upper endoscopy detected lesions in the gastric mucosa in 34.4% of the patients, with similar frequency in those with (n = 21) and without dyspepsia (n = 11). The patients with dyspepsia complaints showed greater frequency of depression (60% vs. 0%; p = 0.001), higher values for HbA1c (9.6 ± 1.7 vs. 8.2 ± 1.3%; p = 0.01) and lower values for BMI (24.3 ± 4.1 vs. 27.2 ± 2.6 kg/m2; p = 0.02), body fat percentage (26.6 ± 6.2 vs. 30.8 ± 7.7%; p = 0.04), and waist circumference (78.7 ± 8 vs. 85.8 ± 8.1 cm; p = 0.02). No association was found between the symptoms and the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Conclusions Dyspepsia symptoms in patients with long-standing DM1 were associated with glycemic control and depression, and they seem to negatively influence the nutritional status of these patients