Economics of production and pricing of rice in the Philippines

The response to price of an underdeveloped country's agricultural sector is a factor relevant to its economic growth. Knowledge of the extent of response to price change may lead to formulation of a sound and effective price legislation policy. This study attempts to contribute towards this end. First, an attempt is made to estimate a supply function for rice. How do farmers respond to changes in the price of rice and to prices of alternative crops? An attempt is also made to measure the extent to which changes in the production of rice have arisen from the changes in acreage planted and changes in yields. Second, to a lesser extent, we examine the farm prices of palay, the secular and the seasonal trends. While prices of rice in the Philippines have apparently been fairly efficient in their resource allocation function, there is little evidence to indicate that price changes represent an effective device for influencing aggregate rice output. In spite of the economic evidence that prices represent an important incentive in some developing countries, the analysis obtained from the study showed that rice farmers in the Philippines did not show a significant response of hectarage relative to price change. However, there were indications of positive responsiveness. This implies that the role of price as a development tool is much less promising if the price change does not produce changes in hectarage as well as total production. The analysis on yield response infers that the relative importance of the input factor to yield varies among regions of the country. Rainfall, for instance, may increase yield for Southern Tagalog, Eastern Visayas and Northern and Eastern Mindanao but the effect was the opposite for Central Luzon, Western Visayas and Southern and Western Mindanao regions. Similarly, a greater proportion of tenancy cultivated area was found relatively important to yield in Cagayan Valley, Bicol, Southern Tagalog and Northern and Eastern Mindanao- Meanwhile, the adoption of the new rice variety proved a crucial factor in increasing yield for all regions, except Cagayan Valley where the majority of non-irrigable areas exist. The yield response estimate for the Philippines revealed that rice yield responded to increases in rainfall and adoption of the new rice variety. The presence of an irrigated area also contributed positively to yield. A greater proportion of unirrigated and upland ricelands will reduce the yield per hectare indicated by the negative coefficients

Benthic enrichment in the Georgia Bight related to Gulf Stream intrusions and estuarine outwelling

The distribution patterns of benthic biomass (microbiota, meiofauna, and macrofauna) over the expansive continental shelf of the Georgia Bight suggest nutrient inputs from intrusions of deep Gulf Stream waters at the shelf break…

Benthic response to sedimentation events during autumn to spring at a shallow-water station in the Western Kiel Bight

The response of the benthos to the break up of anoxia in the Kiel Bight (Western Baltic Sea), and to three succeeding events of “external” food supply, consisting of a settled autumn plankton bloom, resuspended matter and macrophyte input during winter, and of a sedimented spring phytoplankton bloom, is described on a community level. The first input of oxygen broke up anoxic conditions and made stored food resources available to decomposition. This “internal” food supply, mainly consisting of protein (folin positive matter), was followed by a drastic increase in heat production and ATP-biomass and caused a period of low redox potential, which lasted for several weeks. During this phase, a plankton bloom (dinoflagellates and diatoms) settled to the sea floor. Although there was an immediate response of benthic activity, this food input was not completely consumed by the strongly disturbed benthic community. During winter resuspended matter and the input of macrophyte debris caused another maximum in benthic activity and biomass despite the low temperature. The response to sedimentation of cells from a diatom bloom during mid March was also without any time lag and was consumed within 5–6 wk. A comparison of the amount of particles collected in a sediment trap with the increase of organic matter in the sediment demonstrated that the sediment collected four times (autumn) and seven to eight times (spring) more than measured by the sediment trap. Strong indications of food limitation of benthic activity were found. During autumn and winter these indications were caused more by physical than by biological processes. The three events of “external” food supply caused a temporary shift in the type of metabolism towards fermentation processes and reduced the redox potential. In spring the development of the benthic community was still being strongly influenced by the events of the preceding summer and autumn

Anaerobic metabolism in Lake Washington sediments

A method of measuring the dehydrogenase activity of sediments at lOC was calibrated by direct microcalorimetry at the same temperature. Field measurements of dehydrogenase activity of sediments in Lake Washington were converted to rates of metabolic heat release by means of the significant regression of dehydrogenase activity on metabolic heat release. Simultaneous field measurements at IOC of oxygen uptake by undistrubed sediment cores were coverted to rates of metabolic heat release by the factor 4.8 cal liberated per milliliter of oxygen consumed. Dehydrogenase activity varies from place to place and differs between layers of the same core. Although there is a general trend of decreasing activity with sediment depth, some subsurface layers have relatively high activity. Dehydrogenase activity, which was detected down to the deepest layers of the sediment cores, 21 to 31 cm, appears to be more a function of plankton remains than of total organic carbon in the sediment. The integrated metabolic heat release based on dehydrogenase activity of the entire core was invariably greater than the metabolic heat release calculated from the rates of oxygen uptake. Thus, it appears that the rate of total oxygen uptake by the sediment surface underestimates benthic community metabolism in the sediment column

"This House Is Now" (Desert In, episode 1)

Limited Series opera created for Boston Lyric's Opera streaming station, Desert In is a opera created for the screen, "shot" like a television series. It will feature actors from traditionally marginalized groups, and will be directed by James Darrah and Joy Kecken. It is schedule to premiered in late spring 2021.Othe

Coastal upwelling in the Rias Bajas, NW Spain: Contrasting the benthic regimes of the Rias de Arosa and de Muros

Nutrient-rich North Atlantic water upwells off the NW coast of Spain and intermittently intrudes into the rias, coastal embayments, by displacement during periods of offshore winds. High primary production associated with the upwelling supports an intensive raft culture of the edible mussel, Mytilus edulis. This culture is most intensive (ca. 2000 rafts) in the Ria de Arosa, and results in one of the highest protein yields per unit area on earth...

Coastal upwelling in the Rías Bajas, NW Spain: Contrasting the benthic regimes of Rías de Arosa and de Muros

Versión del editor0,986

Estimates of new and total productivity in central Long Island Sound from in situ measurements of nitrate and dissolved oxygen

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Springer for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Estuaries and Coasts 36 (2013): 74-97, doi:10.1007/s12237-012-9560-5.Biogeochemical cycles in estuaries are regulated by a diverse set of physical and biological variables that operate over a variety of time scales. Using in situ optical sensors, we conducted a high-frequency time-series study of several biogeochemical parameters at a mooring in central Long Island Sound from May to August 2010. During this period, we documented well-defined diel cycles in nitrate concentration that were correlated to dissolved oxygen, wind stress, tidal mixing, and irradiance. By filtering the data to separate the nitrate time series into various signal components, we estimated the amount of variation that could be ascribed to each process. Primary production and surface wind stress explained 59% and 19%, respectively, of the variation in nitrate concentrations. Less frequent physical forcings, including large-magnitude wind events and spring tides, served to decouple the relationship between oxygen, nitrate, and sunlight on about one-quarter of study days. Daytime nitrate minima and dissolved oxygen maxima occurred nearly simultaneously on the majority (> 80%) of days during the study period; both were strongly correlated with the daily peak in irradiance. Nighttime nitrate maxima reflected a pattern in which surface-layer stocks were depleted each afternoon and recharged the following night. Changes in nitrate concentrations were used to generate daily estimates of new primary production (182 ± 37 mg C m-2 d-1) and the f-ratio (0.25), i.e., the ratio of production based on nitrate to total production. These estimates, the first of their kind in Long Island Sound, were compared to values of community respiration, primary productivity, and net ecosystem metabolism, which were derived from in situ measurements of oxygen concentration. Daily averages of the three metabolic parameters were 1660 ± 431, 2080 ± 419, and 429 ± 203 mg C m-2 d-1, respectively. While the system remained weakly autotrophic over the duration of the study period, we observed very large day-to-day differences in the f-ratio and in the various metabolic parameters.This work was supported by the Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, the Sounds Conservancy of the Quebec-Labrador Foundation, and the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Carpenter-Sperry Fund.2014-01-0