Aspectos imunológicos do diabetes melito tipo 1

Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaUNIFESP, EPMSciEL

O Aluno com Paralisia Cerebral em Contexto Educativo: Diferenciação de metodologias e estratégias

O modelo de Educação Inclusiva, atualmente implementado e defendido pelas organizações internacionais, pressupõe um único sistema educacional para TODOS os alunos, partindo da aceitação das diferenças individuais e da valorização da diversidade humana, como potenciadores de capacidades num mesmo processo educacional. A Educação Inclusiva não abrange somente crianças/jovens com deficiências, mas alarga a sua intervenção a todos os que, temporária ou permanentemente, apresentem necessidades especiais. Os alunos com Necessidades Educativas Especiais de carácter motor, especialmente Paralisia Cerebral, inseridos no ensino regular, pela especificidade das manifestações apresentadas e das significativas limitações ao nível da atividade e da participação, beneficiarão com a implementação de medidas educativas que diminuam a sua situação de desvantagem e promovam o desenvolvimento das suas potencialidades, recorrendo a metodologias e estratégias facilitadoras do seu desenvolvimento global, que abordaremos numa breve revisão da literatura

Leukotrienes Produced in Allergic Lung Inflammation Activate Alveolar Macrophages

It has been well-documented that leukotrienes (LTs) are released in allergic lung inflammation and that they participate in the physiopathology of asthma. A role for LTs in innate immunity has recently emerged: Cys-LTs were shown to enhance Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages (AMs). Thus, using a rat model of asthma, we evaluated Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis and killing of Klebsiella pneumoniae by AMs. the effect of treatment with a cys-LT antagonist (montelukast) on macrophage function was also investigated. Male Wistar rats were immunized twice with OVA/alumen intraperitoneally and challenged with OVA aerosol. After 24 h, the animals were killed, and the AMs were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. Macrophages were cultured with IgG-opsonized red blood cells (50: 1) or IgG-opsonized K. pneumoniae (30: 1), and phagocytosis or killing was evaluated. Leukotriene C(4) and nitric oxide were quantified by the EIA and Griess methods, respectively. the results showed that AMs from sensitized and challenged rats presented a markedly increased phagocytic capacity via Fc gamma R (10X compared to controls) and enhanced killing of K. pneumoniae (4X higher than controls). the increased phagocytosis was inhibited 15X and killing 3X by treatment of the rats with montelukast, as compared to the non-treated group. cys-LT addition increased phagocytosis in control AMs but had no effect on macrophages from allergic lungs. Montelukast reduced nitric oxide (39%) and LTC(4) (73%). These results suggest that LTs produced during allergic lung inflammation potentiate the capacity of AMs to phagocytose and kill K. pneumonia via Fc gamma R. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, BaselConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Complex Fluids INCTFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Disciplina Nefrol, Dept Nefrol, Lab Imunol Clin & Expt, BR-04023900 São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Dept Imunol, Lab Imunol Transplantes, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ciencias Biol, BR-04023900 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Disciplina Nefrol, Dept Nefrol, Lab Imunol Clin & Expt, BR-04023900 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ciencias Biol, BR-04023900 São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 07/07139-3FAPESP: 09/52119-6FAPESP: 10/01404-0Web of Scienc

Least limiting water range in the evaluation of continuous and short-duration grazing systems

A qualidade física do solo sob sistemas de pastejo contínuo e rotacionado foi avaliada pelo Intervalo Hídrico Ótimo (IHO). A amostragem foi realizada na área experimental da Embrapa Gado de Corte. Foi estudado um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Foram avaliados quatro piquetes, sendo dois no sistema de pastejo contínuo e dois no sistema de pastejo rotacionado. No sistema de pastejo contínuo, implementado com a espécie Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, foram retiradas 30 amostras por piquete, não tendo um dos piquetes recebido adubação de manutenção (Cs), enquanto o outro havia recebido adubação bianual de manutenção (Cc). No sistema de pastejo rotacionado, implementado com a espécie Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, foram retiradas 30 amostras por piquete; em um dos piquetes, o resíduo pós-pastejo era mantido entre 2,0 e 2,5 t ha-1 de matéria seca total (MST) (R1), enquanto no outro era mantido entre 3,0 e 3,5 t ha-1 MST (R2). As amostras foram submetidas a um gradiente de tensão de água e, posteriormente, utilizadas nas determinações da densidade do solo (Ds), resistência do solo à penetração (RP), umidade volumétrica (qv) e do IHO. O sistema de pastejo rotacionado apresentou piores condições físicas do solo para o crescimento vegetal, avaliadas pelo critério do IHO. Os maiores valores de Ds e menor IHO foram observados no R1, o que foi atribuído às taxas de lotação mais elevadas aplicadas neste piquete. __________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTSoil physical quality in continuous and short-duration rotational cattle grazing systems was evaluated using the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) approach. Soil samples were collected on an experimental site at the Embrapa – Beef Cattle Research Center (Campo Grande, MS, Brazil). The studied soil was a Typic Acrudox. Four sampling sites were selected: two under a short-duration continuous grazing system and two under intensive short-duration rotational grazing system. Thirty soil cores were collected in each site under the continuous grazing system, planted with Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk grass. One of the continuous grazing sites had received biannual fertilization (Cc) while the other had not been fertilized (Cs). Thirty soil cores were also collected in each site under the intensive rotational grazing system, planted with Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania grass. In the intensive rotational grazing system the two sites differed in relation to the post-graze residue level left. In one site (R1) it varied from 2.0 to 2.5 t total dry matter (TDM) ha-1 and in the other R2 it varied from 3.0 to 3.5 t TDM ha-1. The cores were subjected to a soil water suction gradient, and then used for soil bulk density (Db), soil resistance to penetration (SR), volumetric water content (qv), and LLWR determinations. The intensive short-duration rotational grazing system presented the worse physical soil conditions for plant growth, as evaluated by the LLWR. The highest Db and the lowest LLWR were found in R1, which could be a consequence of the heavier stocking rates used on this site

Synergistic effect of mycophenolate mofetil and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in patients with chronic allograft nephropathy

Experimental data and few clinical non-randomized studies have shown that inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) associated or not with the use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) could delay or even halt the progression of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). In this retrospective historical study, we investigated whether ACE inhibition (ACEI) associated or not with the use of MMF has the same effect in humans as in experimental studies and what factors are associated with a clinical response. A total of 160 transplant patients with biopsy-proven CAN were enrolled. Eighty-one of them were on ACE therapy (G1) and 80 on ACEI_free therapy (G2). Patients were further stratified for the use of MMF. G1 patients showed a marked decrease in proteinuria and stabilized serum creatinine with time. Five-year graft survival after CAN diagnosis was more frequent in G1 (86.9 vs 67.7%; P < 0.05). In patients on ACEI-free therapy, the use of MMF was associated with better graft survival. The use of ACEI therapy protected 79% of the patients against graft loss (OR = 0.079, 95%CI = 0.015-0.426; P = 0.003). ACEI and MMF or the use of MMF alone after CAN diagnosis conferred protection against graft loss. This finding is well correlated with experimental studies in which ACEI and MMF interrupt the progression of chronic allograft dysfunction and injury. The use of ACEI alone or in combination with MMF significantly reduced proteinuria and stabilized serum creatinine, consequently improving renal allograft survival.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão Disciplina de NefrologiaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de PatologiaUniversidade de São Paulo Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas IV Departamento de ImunologiaUNIFESP, Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão Disciplina de NefrologiaUNIFESP, Depto. de PatologiaSciEL

Acute Kidney Injury Reduces Phagocytic and Microbicidal Capacities of Alveolar Macrophages

Background/Aims: Renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a systemic inflammatory process in which Th1 responses predominate affecting other organs including the lungs. the present study explored the phagocytic and microbicidal capacity of macrophages in rats with lung inflammation that underwent IRI. Methods: the alveolar macrophages of rats sensitised to OVA were evaluated for phagocytosis and bacterial killing 24h after antigen challenge in animals with or without prior submission to 60 min of renal ischaemia. Results: Bronchoalveolar lavage had a high level of cellular infiltrate in immunised animals (420%) compared with control animals; IRI significantly reduced this infiltration (52%). Macrophages from animals immunised and challenged with OVA presented a 10x increase in phagocytic capacity compared to the control group, whereas immunised animals subjected to IRI showed a reduction in the phagocytic index of 68%. the killing of Klebsiella pneumoniae by macrophages from immunised animals was higher (56%) compared with the control group but reduced in animals submitted to IRI (45%). Immunised and challenged group showed an increase in gene expression levels of IL-10(450%), HO-1 (259%), INF-gamma (460%) and MCP-1 (370%) compared to the immunised group subjected to IRI. Conclusions: Renal ischaemia and reperfusion injury apparently alters the phagocytic and microbicidal capacity of macrophages, reducing lung inflammation to OVA. Copyright (C) 2013 S. Karger AG, BaselFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)INCT Complex FluidsFADA-UNIFESPUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Disciplina Nefrol, Lab Imunol Clin & Expt, BR-04023900 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Inst Ciencias Ambientais Quim & Farmaceut, Lab Inflamacao & Farmacol Vasc, BR-04023900 São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Imunol, Lab Imunobiol Transplante, BR-05508 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Disciplina Nefrol, Lab Imunol Clin & Expt, BR-04023900 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Inst Ciencias Ambientais Quim & Farmaceut, Lab Inflamacao & Farmacol Vasc, BR-04023900 São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 07/07139-3FAPESP: 10/52180-4FAPESP: 10/01404-0FAPESP: 12/02270-0FAPESP: 12/51104-8Web of Scienc

Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell Treatment Prevents Renal Disease Progression

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) are an attractive source of stem cells with regenerative properties that are similar to those of bone marrow stem cells. Here, we analyze the role of ASCs in reducing the progression of kidney fibrosis. Progressive renal fibrosis was achieved by unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle in mice for 1 h; after that, the kidney was reperfused immediately. Four hours after the surgery, 2 x 10(5) ASCs were intraperitoneally administered, and mice were followed for 24 h posttreatment and then at some other time interval for the next 6 weeks. Also, animals were treated with 2 x 10(5) ASCs at 6 weeks after reperfusion and sacrificed 4 weeks later to study their effect when interstitial fibrosis is already present. At 24 h after reperfusion, ASC-treated animals showed reduced renal dysfunction and enhanced regenerative tubular processes. Renal mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF was decreased in ASC-treated animals, whereas IL-4. IL-10, and HO-1 expression increased despite a lack of ASCs in the kidneys as determined by SRY analysis. As expected, untreated kidneys shrank at 6 weeks, whereas the kidneys of ASC-treated animals remained normal in size, showed less collagen deposition, and decreased staining for FSP-1, type I collagen, and Hypoxyprobe. the renal protection seen in ASC-treated animals was followed by reduced serum levels of TNF-alpha, KC, RANTES, and IL-1 alpha. Surprisingly, treatment with ASCs at 6 weeks, when animals already showed installed fibrosis, demonstrated amelioration of functional parameters, with less tissue fibrosis observed and reduced mRNA expression of type I collagen and vimentin. ASC therapy can improve functional parameters and reduce progression of renal fibrosis at early and later times after injury, mostly due to early modulation of the inflammatory response and to less hypoxia, thereby reducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)DECIT/Ministerio do SaudeComplex Fluids INCTUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Nephrol, Escola Paulista Med, Expt & Clin Immunol Lab, BR-04023900 São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Dept Pathol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Triangulo Mineiro, Div Pathol, Uberaba, MG, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Dept Immunol, Lab Transplantat Immunobiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Nephrol, Escola Paulista Med, Expt & Clin Immunol Lab, BR-04023900 São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 09/13251-6FAPESP: 07/07139-3CNPq: 473844/2009-5Web of Scienc