Studying young recipients of alcohol marketing : Two research paradigms and their possible consolidation

Peer reviewe

The effect of congenital and adult-acquired toxoplasma infections on activity and responsiveness to novel stimulation in mice

Activity and responsiveness to novel stimulation were assessed in three groups of mice infected with Toxoplasma . One group was infected when adult; two groups were infected congenitally, one born to dams infected during gestation, the other to dams chronically infected prior to mating. Each mouse was tested in a box, the floor of which was marked off into 16 equal squares, and its activity was measured over ten minutes by counting the number of times the mouse entered each square. Infected mice were more active. In addition, infected mice showed a smaller relative preference for the more novel central area of the box, especially towards the end of the observation period. These differences were independent of emotionality (as measured by defecation counts), general health (as measured by subjective health ratings and body weight) and the number of Toxoplasma tissue cysts in specified brain regions. The authors suggest that differences arise from pathological changes caused by proliferating toxoplasms in the brains of the infected mice; an immunopathological reaction due to the presence of tissue cysts in the brain may also be involved. Other possible factors contributing to observed deficits in behaviour are also discussed. The authors suggest that such deficits may render Toxoplasma -infected mice more susceptible to predation by the domestic cat, the definitive host of Toxoplasma

Observational study of drinking patterns in groups of young people

SIGLELD:8318.1715(SSRC-HG--11/24/5) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Young peoples perceptions of advertisements for alcoholic drinks

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:8318.1714F(ESRC/GOO--23/2270)fiche / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

A Quantitative Morphological Comparison of Cat Lingual Nerve Repair Using Epineurial Sutures or Entubulation

Since lingual nerves may be transected during a variety of oral surgical procedures, including third molar removal, we have investigated two possible methods of repair. Quantitative morphological observations were made on feline chorda tympani and lingual nerves proximal and distal to transection injuries repaired either by epineurial suturing or by insertion of the cut ends into a perforated silicon tube. Proximal to the repair, the most prominent difference was an increase in the number of myelinated axons in the lingual nerve following epineurial suturing but not entubulation. Proximal to the repair site, the number of non-myelinated axons increased in comparison with controls in both chorda tympani and lingual nerves after both procedures, though the difference was statistically significant only in the lingual nerve proximal to entubulation. Distal to the injury, both types of repair showed a reduction in the number, size, and sheath thickness of myelinated axons in comparison with unoperated controls, but the difference in numbers was statistically signficant only distal to repair by entubulation. The number of non-myelinated axons distal to the repair sites was much higher than that in controls, the difference being greater distal to entubulation repair. There were more axons per Remak bundle distal to entubulation repair than to epineurial suturing, suggesting, perhaps, that fewer axons would ultimately become myelinated. Though the morphological differences between the two repair techniques are not as striking as the parallel electrophysiological differences reported previously (Smith and Robinson, 1995a,b), they are consistent with them and support the conclusion that, for transected lingual and chorda tympani nerves, epineurial suturing is the preferred approach. Key words: lingual nerve, injury, oral surgery, taste.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67450/2/10.1177_00220345960750031201.pd

Optical dating of clastic deposits generated by an extreme marine coastal flood: the 1755 tsunami deposits in the Algarve (Portugal)

Identification of past tsunamis is important for risk assessment and management of coastal areas. Obtaining accurate and precise ages of sediments originating from such extreme marine coastal floods is crucial for a reliable estimation of the recurrence interval of these often devastating events. We present here the results of quartz optical dating and 14C dating of two sites (Boca do Rio and Martinhal) on the Algarve coast (southern Portugal). These sites contain deposits of the great tsunami of November 1, 1755. The sections were described using sedimentological techniques; at both sites tsunami-laid sands and gravels were identified, intercalated between estuarine muds. Quartz luminescence ages from these sedimentary successions were derived using standard SAR-OSL dating using multi-grain sub-samples. A multiple sampling strategy was employed with several samples taken from the AD 1755 tsunami deposit and from the sediments bracketing the tsunami layer. Our SAR-OSL protocol was shown to be appropriate using dose recovery measurements (measured/given dose ratio of 1.004 0.007, n ¼ 165). The several OSL ages from the 1755 tsunamigenic deposits are internally reproducible but yield age overestimates of between 20 and 125% (60–310 years respectively); this is in agreement with values reported in the literature for similar deposits. The age overestimation of the tsunami-laid sands is presumably due to the rapid erosion and deposition of older sediments, with insufficient light exposure for complete bleaching during the tsunami event itself. The absence of significant bleaching during the tsunami is also suggested by the shape of the dose distributions based on sub-samples made up of only about 100 grains. Analysis of the distributions with the minimum-age model seems to yield the expected age for two of the three distributions. It is important to note that age offsets of a few tens of years to a few hundred years rapidly become insignificant when dating older (>1 to few ka) tsunami layers