Phosphorus availability of rock phosphates as compared with feed-grade phosphates for swine Disponibilidade de fósforo em fosfatos de rocha em comparação à de fosfatos bicálcicos para suínos

One hundred ninety two swine were used in a trial to assess the relative bioavailability of phosphorus (RBP) in six phosphate sources. Phosphates were three feed grade phosphates (FP), two made in Brasil, and one USA made, and three rock phosphate samples (RP) originated from two mines sites in Brasil, and one mine site in Israel. Levels of calcium, phosphorus and fluorine in RP were 29, 12 and 1.7% (RP source 1), 33, 14 and 1.4% (RP source 2), and 30, 14 and 3.6% (RP source 3), respectively. Pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet (18% CP, 0.95% Lys, 0.75% Ca, 0.37% P) or the basal diet with 0.15% P from a standard purified grade calcium phosphate (SP), or with 0.15% P from experimental FP or RP. Each diet was fed to six pen replicates of four pigs per pen for 35 days (14.4 to 39.9 kg). Weight gain (WG), feed/gain (FG), plasma P (PP), bone ash (BA), and breaking strength of metacarpals and metatarsals (BS-MM) and femurs (BS-F) were improved by phosphorus addition. However, performance and bone parameters were depressed by RP, as compared to FP dietary supplementation. WG, BA, BS-MM and BS-F were regressed to P added, and slope-ratios were calculated to assess RBP in the FP and RP sources. The average bioavailability of P in the FP and RP sources, relative to SP, were 89 and 49% (WG), 112 and 49% (BA), 78 and 28% (BS-MM), and 101 and 52% (BS-F), respectively. Low animal performance and bone strength related to toxicity should be expected if rock phosphates are used to feed pigs.<br>Cento e noventa e dois leitões foram usados em um experimento para avaliar a biodisponibilidade relativa do fósforo (RBP) em seis fontes fosfáticas. As fontes foram três fosfatos de uso em nutrição (FP), dois fabricados no Brasil e um nos Estados Unidos, e três amostras de fosfatos de rocha (RP), originados de duas minas brasileiras e uma mina situada em Israel. Os níveis de cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P) e flúor (F) nos fosfatos de rocha foram 29, 12 e 1,7% (fonte RP 1), 33, 14 e 1,4% (fonte RP 2) e 30, 14 e 3,6% (fonte RP 3), respectivamente. Os suínos foram alimentados com uma dieta basal de milho e farelo de soja (18% PB, 0,95% Lis, 0,75% Ca, 0,37% P) ou dieta basal contendo 0,15% P a partir de um fosfato bicálcico purificado padrão (SP), ou com 0,15% P a partir das fontes experimentais FP ou RP. Cada dieta foi fornecida a seis baias (replicatas) com quatro leitões durante 35 dias (14,4 a 39,9 kg). O ganho de peso (WG), a conversão alimentar (FG), o P plasmático (PP), as cinzas ósseas (BA) e a resistência óssea à quebra de metacarpos e metatarsos (BS-MM) e fêmures (BS-F) melhoraram com a adição de fósforo às dietas. Contudo, o desempenho e os parâmetros ósseos pioraram com o uso dos fosfatos de rocha, em comparação à suplementação dietética de FP. A análise de regressão dos dados de WG, BA, BS-MM e BS-F em relação ao P adicional foi realizada e foram calculadas slope-ratios para avaliar a RBP nas fontes de FP e RP. A biodisponibilidade média do P nas fontes FP e RP, relativas ao SP (com valor atribuído de 100), foram 89 e 49% (WG), 112 e 49% (BA), 78 e 28% (BS-MM), e 101 e 52% (BS-F), respectivamente. Baixos desempenho e resistência óssea relacionados à toxicidade devem ser esperados se fosfatos de rocha forem utilizados na alimentação de suínos

Eosinophils: Biological properties and role in health and disease

Eosinophils are pleiotropic multifunctional leukocytes involved in initiation and propagation of diverse inflammatory responses, as well as modulators of innate and adaptive immunity. In this review, the biology of eosinophils is summarized, focusing on transcriptional regulation of eosinophil differentiation, characterization of the growing properties of eosinophil granule proteins, surface proteins and pleiotropic mediators, and molecular mechanisms of eosinophil degranulation. New views on the role of eosinophils in homeostatic function are examined, including developmental biology and innate and adaptive immunity (as well as their interaction with mast cells and T cells) and their proposed role in disease processes including infections, asthma, and gastrointestinal disorders. Finally, strategies for targeted therapeutic intervention in eosinophil-mediated mucosal diseases are conceptualized