Збалансування інтересів сторін трудових відносин як засада забезпечення договірного регулювання таких відносин з боку держави

Стаття присвячена вивченню збалансування інтересів сторін трудових відносин не як мети договірного регулювання вказаних відносин, а як орієнтира та базисної засади для держави при розробці нового Трудового кодексу України. Визначається сутність такого принципу та його основна спрямованість. Ключові слова: сторони трудових відносин, регулювання трудових відносин, інтерес, договірне регулювання трудових відносин.Статья посвящена изучению сбалансирования интересов сторон трудовых отношений не как цели договорного регулирования указанных отношений, а как ориентира и базисного основания для государства при разработке нового Трудового кодекса Украины. Определяется сущность такого принципа и его основная направленность. Ключевые слова: стороны трудовых отношений, регулирование трудовых отношений, интерес, договорное регулирование трудовых отношений.The article is devoted to the analysis of balancing interests of labour relations parties as not as the purpose of contractual regulation the mentioned relations but as the guideline and basic priority for state with elaborating the new Labour code of Ukraine. The essence of this principle and its leading direction are determined. Key words: labour contracting parties, the regulation of labour relations, the interest, contractual regulation of labour relations

Балканська криза (1990–2005 рр.) в контексті геополітичних трансформацій

Досліджено трансформаційні процеси, на тлі яких розгорталася Балканська криза. Розглянуто зовнішньополітичний контекст Балканської кризи та показано як глобалізація, розпад Радянського Союзу, а отже, трансформація, а також інтеграція Західної Європи вплинули на розгортання подій в регіоні.In this article, there is analyzed the frameworks of the transformation processes of the Balkan Crisis. It revives international background of the Balkan Crisis and demonstrates the influence of globalization, Soviet Union disintegration, and therefore the NATO transformation, as well as Western European integration on the events in the Region

Сіверські князі Наримунтовичі

У статті досліджується генеалогія та діяльність сіверських Наримунтовичів – однієї з гілок литовсько-руської династії Гедиміновичів, представники якої наприкінці XIV – початку XV ст. володіли кількома удільними князівствами у Сіверській землі.В статье исследуется генеалогия и деятельность северских Наримунтовичей – одной из ветвей литовско-русской династии Гедиминовичей, представители которой в конце XIV – начале XV вв. владели несколькими удельными княжествами в Северской земле.The article deals with genealogy and activity of the seversky Narimuntoviches as one of branches of the Lithuanian-Russian dynasty of the Gediminoviches, representatives of which at the end XIV – beginning of XV centuries owned some specific principalities in the Seversky land

Absence of self-averaging in the complex admittance for transport through random media

A random walk model in a one dimensional disordered medium with an oscillatory input current is presented as a generic model of boundary perturbation methods to investigate properties of a transport process in a disordered medium. It is rigorously shown that an admittance which is equal to the Fourier-Laplace transform of the first-passage time distribution is non-self-averaging when the disorder is strong. The low frequency behavior of the disorder-averaged admittance, $-1 \sim \omega^{\mu}$ where $\mu < 1$, does not coincide with the low frequency behavior of the admittance for any sample, $\chi - 1 \sim \omega$. It implies that the Cole-Cole plot of $$ appears at a different position from the Cole-Cole plots of $\chi$ of any sample. These results are confirmed by Monte-Carlo simulations.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, published in Phys. Rev.

Prognostic impact of low muscle mass and low muscle density in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Low muscle mass (LMM) and low muscle density (LMD) are increasingly recognized as prognostic factors for survival in different malignancies. This study determined the association of LMM and LMD with survival in DLBCL (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) patients. CT-based measurement of muscle was performed in 164 DLBCL patients prior to chemo-immunotherapy. Z-scores adjusted for gender, age, and body mass index were derived from a healthy reference population. LMM or LMD were defined as a Z-score below −1 and were related to OS and PFS. The co-existence of both LMM and LMD was observed in 13% of the DLBCL patients and was significantly associated with shorter OS and PFS. Also, these patients more often did not complete the planned treatment. The combination of LMM and LMD is an independent prognosti

Association of Thyroid dysfunction with cognitive function an individual participant data analysis

IMPORTANCE In clinical guidelines, overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction are mentioned as causal and treatable factors for cognitive decline. However, the scientific literature on these associations shows inconsistent findings.OBJECTIVE To assess cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of baseline thyroid dysfunction with cognitive function and dementia.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicohort individual participant data analysis assessed 114 267 person-years (median, 1.7-11.3 years) of follow-up for cognitive function and 525 222 person-years (median, 3.8-15.3 years) for dementia between 1989 and 2017. Analyses on cognitive function included 21 cohorts comprising 38 144 participants. Analyses on dementia included eight cohorts with a total of 2033 cases with dementia and 44 573 controls. Data analysis was performed from December 2016 to January 2021.EXPOSURES Thyroid function was classified as overt hyperthyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, euthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and overt hypothyroidism based on uniform thyrotropin cutoff values and study-specific free thyroxine values.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was global cognitive function, mostly measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination. Executive function, memory, and dementia were secondary outcomes. Analyses were first performed at study level using multivariable linear regression and multivariable Cox regression, respectively. The studies were combined with restricted maximum likelihood meta-analysis. To overcome the use of different scales, results were transformed to standardized mean differences. For incident dementia, hazard ratios were calculated.RESULTS Among 74 565 total participants, 66 567 (89.3%) participants had normal thyroid function, 577 (0.8%) had overt hyperthyroidism, 2557 (3.4%) had subclinical hyperthyroidism, 4167 (5.6%) had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 697 (0.9%) had overt hypothyroidism. The study-specific median age at baseline varied from 57 to 93 years; 42 847 (57.5%) participants were women. Thyroid dysfunction was not associated with global cognitive function; the largest differences were observed between overt hypothyroidism and euthyroidism-cross-sectionally (-0.06 standardized mean difference in score; 95% CI, -0.20 to 0.08; P = .40) and longitudinally (0.11 standardized mean difference higher decline per year; 95% CI, -0.01 to 0.23; P = .09). No consistent associations were observed between thyroid dysfunction and executive function, memory, or risk of dementia.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this individual participant data analysis of more than 74 000 adults, subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were not associated with cognitive function, cognitive decline, or incident dementia. No rigorous conclusions can be drawn regarding the role of overt thyroid dysfunction in risk of dementia. These findings do not support the practice of screening for subclinical thyroid dysfunction in the context of cognitive decline in older adults as recommended in current guidelines.Molecular Epidemiolog

Keeping out the oxygen

Hydrogen, the lightest of the elements, is expected to play a major role in our future energy economy. Its staggering energy content of 142 MJ kg-1 exceeds that of petroleum by a factor of three. Moreover, the combustion of hydrogen, as well as its use in electricity-producing fuel cells, is not associated with carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, even though the majority of hydrogen used today still comes from fossil fuels, it can also be produced using renewable energy sources, such as biomass and solar or wind power. Despite these clear merits, however, the widespread use of hydrogen, which is a gas under ambient conditions, is still limited by a lack of technologies to store and transport it in a compact, safe and efficient manner. Writing in Nature Materials, Jeon and co-workers now report that a composite of magnesium nanoparticles embedded in a gas-selective polymer can serve as a stable and high-capacity hydrogen reservoir

Effect of current pulses on Lithium intercalation batteries

The effect of (dis)charge pulses on lithium-ion batteries is evaluated using an electronic network model. Simulations give insight into the effect of the pulses on the internal processes such as diffusion, migration, electrochemical reactions, heat generation, etc. on time scales from microseconds to hundreds of seconds. The simulated results are verified by experimental measurements on a commercial lithium-ion battery. The relevance of the results for battery charging with short pulses and for the occurrence of short circuit is discussed

The impact of carbon materials on the hydrogen storage properties of light metal hydrides

The safe and efficient storage of hydrogen is still one of the remaining challenges towards fuel cell powered cars. Metal hydrides are a promising class of materials as they allow the storage of large amounts of hydrogen in a small volume at room temperature and low pressures. However, usually the kinetics of hydrogen release and uptake and the thermodynamic properties do not satisfy the requirements for practical applications. Therefore current research focuses on catalysis and the thermodynamic tailoring of metal hydride systems. Surprisingly, carbon materials used as additive or support are very effective to improve the hydrogen storage properties of metal hydrides allowing fast kinetics and even a change in the thermodynamic properties. Even though the underlying mechanisms are not always well understood, the beneficial effect is probably related to the peculiar structure of the carbon materials. This feature article gives an introduction to the different carbon materials, an overview of the preparation strategies to synthesize carbon/hydride nanocomposites, and highlights the beneficial effect of carbon by discussing two important hydrides: MgH2 and NaAlH4

Nanoparticles and 3D Supported Nanomaterials

Many light metal hydride systems are discussed in this book. However, none of them is currently able to meet all the demands for practical on-board hydrogen storage: high volumetric and gravimetric density, reasonably high hydrogen equilibrium pressure at room- or fuel cell operating-temperature, fast kinetics for both loading and unloading and ample reversibility. A variety of strategies is being pursued to meet these goals: ball-milling to improve the kinetics and add catalysts, searching for new yet unknown material compositions, and mixing several different compounds (“reactive hydride composites” or “destabilized hydrides”) [1–6]. Some approaches are remarkably successful, such as ball-milling in general to improve the kinetics [2, 3], and the addition of a small amount of a Ti-based catalyst to improve the kinetics of both hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of NaAlH4 [1]. However although steady progress is reported, we are still far from meeting simultaneously all criteria for on-board storage. In this chapter we discuss an alternative approach: altering the properties of a given material by nanosizing and/or supporting the material. Although this approach is control over morphology and particle size than ball-milling. However, most important is that entering this size regime, one can expect important changes in hydrogen sorption properties, such as improved kinetics and reversibility, and, possibly, a change in thermodynamics. The study of unsupported clusters, nanoparticles and nanostructures is mostly aimed at advancing the fundamental knowledge and understanding of how these effects may be used to the benefit, involving studies on relatively simple binary ionic or interstitial hydrides. However, supporting or confining the materials might be especially relevant for the recently developed more complex systems. These bring new challenges such as slow kinetics and lack of reversibility due to phase segregation for multiple component systems, and the release of unwanted gasses such asNH3 and B2H6 for novel compositions that have a high hydrogen content, but also contain nitrogen or boron. relatively new for hydrogen storage applications, it has been known for a long time in other fields such as heterogeneous catalysis, where a high surface/volume ratio is essential. Interesting material classes are unsupported clusters, nanoparticles and nanostructures, and 3D supported (or scaffolded) nanomaterials. In general the crystallite size of the materials discussed is below 10 nm. This is a clear distinction from materials prepared by ball-milling, presently the most common processing technique, by which crystallite sizes of 10–30nm or above (depending on the material) are achieved. Furthermore, in general (though not always) the alternative preparation techniques used to obtain these nanosized materials (gas-phase deposition, melt infiltration, or solution-based synthesis techniques) allow a much better We will start this chapter by discussing the potential impact of size on the hydrogen sorption thermodynamics and kinetics for metal (hydride) nanoparticles. We will then turn to the experimental results, and, first, treat the literature that deals with the production of unsupported metal (hydride) clusters, nanoparticles and nanostructures and their hydrogen sorption properties. Small particles of light metals are especially difficult to prepare and stabilize, as the sensitivity to oxidation is enhanced by the large volume to surface ratio.We will briefly report on size effects for clusters of transition metals. Then we discuss in more detail Pd(H) nanoparticles. Although strictly speaking not a light metal hydride, extended research has been performed on Pd(H), and it is, hence, an interesting model system to illustrate size effects in metallic (or interstitial) hydrides. As the last type of materials we will treat the ionic hydrides, formed from alkali and alkaline earth metals. In detail we will show results on preparation strategies and first hydrogen sorption results for magnesium-based compounds, being the most investigated example of an ionic binary hydride. Until now, as far as we are aware, it has not been possible to prepare clusters or unsupported nanoparticles