Potential Hazards of Orthodontic Treatment – What Your Patient Should Know

Orthodontic treatment carries with it the risks of tissue damage, treatment failure and an increased predisposition to dental disorders. The dentist must be aware of these risks in order to help the patient make a fully informed choice whether to proceed with orthodontic treatment. This paper outlines the potential hazards and suggests how they may be avoided or minimized

Does articulating study casts make a difference to treatment planning?

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether articulating casts in centric relation (CR) compared with intercuspal position (ICP) makes a difference to treatment planning. Design: Reliability analysis. Subjects: Ten orthodontists. METHODS: Twenty case vignettes were examined on three occasions: twice with the casts in ICP and once in CR. A series of dichotomous decisions were made relating to the treatment need and treatment mechanics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The changes in treatment decisions were examined. Intra-examiner agreement between the two hand-held cast assessments (H1 v. H2) and between the first set of hand-held casts compared with the articulated casts (H1 v. A1) were evaluated using the kappa statistic. The differences between the kappa statistics for H1 v. H2 and H1 v. A1 were then tested with the Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank sum test. RESULTS: The only statistically significant change in the kappa score between H1 v. H2 and H1 v. A1 was for the extraction decision (P 0.007). No other statistically significant differences were found for the other treatment decisions, although trends were identified for orthognathic surgery and anchorage support decisions. CONCLUSION: Routine articulation of study models for all orthodontic patients is not supported by the results of this study. Articulation of the study models did not affect the treatment planning decisions in a meaningful manner. Further work with selected samples is required to determine if articulation is helpful for specific malocclusions

The molecular pathology of Paget's disease of the vulva and the breast.

Paget's disease of the vulva and breast are rare diseases. Unlike Paget's disease of the breast, where the consensus is that the great majority of cases are associated with an in-situ or invasive ductal carcinoma, only approximately 10-30% of cases of Paget's disease of the vulva have an invasive adenocarcinoma present. It is believed that the Paget cells in Paget's disease of the breast are derived from the underlying in-situ or invasive breast carcinoma, and these cells migrate up through the ducts onto the nipple epidermis. The histogenesis underlying vulval Paget's disease is unclear. Paget's disease of the vulva may become secondarily invasive even in the absence of an underlying malignancy. The aim of the study was to identify abnormalities present in Paget's diseases of the vulva and the breast and to investigate whether there are any differences in molecular markers in the Paget cells of those cases with invasive disease compared to those cases without invasive disease. Such an analysis may identify some of the molecular pathways underlying both vulval and breast Paget's disease, as well as generating potential markers for clinical prognosis. Archival paraffin wax-embedded sections of Paget's disease of the vulva or breast were used. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to analyse markers involved in the cell cycle (p53, pRb, cyclin Dl, Ki67), in angiogenesis (e.g. VEGF, PD-ECGF/TP, MVD) and cell adhesion molecules (e.g. plakoglobin, E-cadherin, (3-catenin). Sections that were immunopositive for the tumour marker p53 were microdissected, the DNA extracted, amplified and sequenced. In situ hybridisation was also used to determine the presence of mRNA of the adhesion molecules in the tissue sections. A national register for Paget's disease of the vulva was established requesting that clinicians who have patients with Paget' s disease of the vulva should enrol them. Results suggest E-cadherin, plakoglobin and pRb and p53 may have a role to play in the pathogenesis of Paget's disease of the vulva and pRb, plakoglobin, VEGF and PD-ECGF/TP in Paget's disease of the breast. Wide local excison was the preferred treatment option for patients registered in the PDV database. The information from the Paget's register and the results obtained from the thesis may increase the understanding of Paget's disease of the vulva and breast

100 Gbit/s real-time all-analogue filter bank OFDM based on a gain-switched optical comb

A real-time 5×21.6 Gbit/s WDM electro-optical transceiver is presented. Optical carriers were spaced by 20 GHz and each one transmitted four orthogonally overlapping broadband subcarriers. Only analogue electronics were employed, achieving an unprecedented spectral efficiency in DSP-less SCM links

The UK risk assessment scheme for all non-native species

1. A pest risk assessment scheme, adapted from the EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation) scheme, was developed to assess the risks posed to UK species, habitats and ecosystems by non-native taxa. 2. The scheme provides a structured framework for evaluating the potential for non-native organisms, whether intentional or unintentional introductions, to enter, establish, spread and cause significant impacts in all or part of the UK. Specialist modules permit the relative importance of entry pathways, the vulnerability of receptors and the consequences of policies to be assessed and appropriate risk management options to be selected. Spreadsheets for summarising the level of risk and uncertainty, invasive attributes and economic impact were created. In addition, new methods for quantifying economic impact and summarising risk and uncertainty were explored. 3. Although designed for the UK, the scheme can readily be applied elsewhere

On Traversable Lorentzian Wormholes in the Vacuum Low Energy Effective String Theory in Einstein and Jordan Frames

Three new classes (II-IV) of solutions of the vacuum low energy effective string theory in four dimensions are derived. Wormhole solutions are investigated in those solutions including the class I case both in the Einstein and in the Jordan (string) frame. It turns out that, of the eight classes of solutions investigated (four in the Einstein frame and four in the corresponding string frame), massive Lorentzian traversable wormholes exist in five classes. Nontrivial massless limit exists only in class I Einstein frame solution while none at all exists in the string frame. An investigation of test scalar charge motion in the class I solution in the two frames is carried out by using the Plebanski-Sawicki theorem. A curious consequence is that the motion around the extremal zero (Keplerian) mass configuration leads, as a result of scalar-scalar interaction, to a new hypothetical "mass" that confines test scalar charges in bound orbits, but does not interact with neutral test particles.Comment: 18 page

Large area black body source for ITER ECE in situ calibration

Development and testing of a hot calibration source for the ECE systems on ITER is underway. The source is intended to meet the requirements described in DDD55 Overview of Diagnostics. The requirement is for two 200 mm diameter sources. One will operate at atmospheric pressure and be well removed from the experiment. The other will operate in vacuum near the plasma. Both will operate at temperatures up to 800 °C. Here we report on the development of a prototype hot calibration source and of a realistic thermal model of the hot calibration source that will be used in simulations of the thermal properties of the source. Selection of a reliable heating method is challenging. Heating methods under consideration will be discussed.Center for Electromechanic

Wormhole Geometries In f(R,T)f(R,T) Gravity

We study wormhole solutions in the framework of f (R,T) gravity where R is the scalar curvature, and T is the trace of the stress-energy tensor of the matter. We have obtained the shape function of the wormhole by specifying an equation of state for the matter field and imposing the flaring out condition at the throat. We show that in this modified gravity scenario, the matter threading the wormhole may satisfy the energy conditions, so it is the effective stress-energy that is responsible for violation of the null energy condition.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, published version, references adde

Pulsar timing arrays and the challenge of massive black hole binary astrophysics

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are designed to detect gravitational waves (GWs) at nHz frequencies. The expected dominant signal is given by the superposition of all waves emitted by the cosmological population of supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries. Such superposition creates an incoherent stochastic background, on top of which particularly bright or nearby sources might be individually resolved. In this contribution I describe the properties of the expected GW signal, highlighting its dependence on the overall binary population, the relation between SMBHs and their hosts, and their coupling with the stellar and gaseous environment. I describe the status of current PTA efforts, and prospect of future detection and SMBH binary astrophysics.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures. To appear in the Proceedings of the 2014 Sant Cugat Forum on Astrophysics. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, ed. C.Sopuerta (Berlin: Springer-Verlag

Measurements of the Q2Q^2-Dependence of the Proton and Neutron Spin Structure Functions g1p and g1n

The structure functions g1p and g1n have been measured over the range 0.014 < x < 0.9 and 1 < Q2 < 40 GeV2 using deep-inelastic scattering of 48 GeV longitudinally polarized electrons from polarized protons and deuterons. We find that the Q2 dependence of g1p (g1n) at fixed x is very similar to that of the spin-averaged structure function F1p (F1n). From a NLO QCD fit to all available data we find $\Gamma_1^p - \Gamma_1^n =0.176 \pm 0.003 \pm 0.007$ at Q2=5 GeV2, in agreement with the Bjorken sum rule prediction of 0.182 \pm 0.005.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures. Submitted to Physics Letters