180 research outputs found
Community health worker interventions to promote psychosocial outcomes among people living with HIVâA systematic review
Background
Community health worker (CHW) interventions are a successful strategy to promote health among HIV-negative and persons living with HIV (PLWH). Psychosocial factors are critical dimensions of HIV/AIDS care contributing to prognosis of the disease, yet it is unclear how CHW interventions improve psychosocial outcomes in PLWH. The purpose of this study was to critically appraise the types, scope, and nature of CHW interventions designed to address psychosocial outcomes in PLWH. Methods
We performed database searchesâPubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochraneâto identify randomized controlled trials published in English before April 2017. Fourteen articles met the eligibility criteria. Results
Half of the studies were conducted in the United States. Social cognitive theory was used more than once in nine theory-guided studies. CHW interventions were largely focused on reducing depression (n = 6) or stigma related to HIV (n = 4), or promoting quality of life (n = 4), social support (n = 4), and self-efficacy (n = 4). Didactic methods and role-playing were used to train CHWs. CHWs played multiple roles in delivering intervention, including a counselor and a supporter (n = 10), educator (n = 5), or a navigator (n = 3). CHW intervention fidelity was assessed in 4 studies. Five studies found positive changes in six psychosocial outcomes including quality of life (2 of 4) and self-efficacy (2 of 4). CHW interventions had no effect on social support in 2 of 4 studies, and stigma in 3 of 4 studies. None of the CHW interventions were successful in reducing depressive symptoms among PLWH. Conclusions
Evidence partially supported the use of CHWs in promoting psychosocial outcomes in PLWH. Future CHW intervention should be expanded in scope to address key psychosocial determinants of HIV/AIDS outcomes such as health literacy. Further, fidelity measures should be incorporated into intervention delivery
What you know can influence what you are going to know (especially for older adults)
Stimuli related to an individual's knowledge/experience are often more memorable than abstract stimuli, particularly for older adults. This has been found when material that is congruent with knowledge is contrasted with material that is incongruent with knowledge, but there is little research on a possible graded effect of congruency. The present study manipulated the degree of congruency of study material with participantsâ knowledge. Young and older participants associated two famous names to nonfamous faces, where the similarity between the nonfamous faces and the real famous individuals varied. These associations were incrementally easier to remember as the name-face combinations became more congruent with prior knowledge, demonstrating a graded congruency effect, as opposed to an effect based simply on the presence or absence of associations to prior knowledge. Older adults tended to show greater susceptibility to the effect than young adults, with a significant age difference for extreme stimuli, in line with previous literature showing that schematic support in memory tasks particularly benefits older adults
Perceptions of the Impact of Positive Action in EU and non-EU Countries
yesAbstract: Around the world, inequalities exist around boundaries of race, social class, gender, disability,
religious beliefs and sexual orientation, often resulting from past and current discriminatory
practices. Governments have taken certain measures, including enacting policies such as positive action,
to remedy such discrimination. This paper provides a comparative analysis of perceptions of the impact
of positive action in seven EU and three non-EU countries. The study adopted participatory methods
including consensus workshops, interviews and policy analysis to obtain data from designers of positive
action. Findings are discussed, conclusions drawn and wide-ranging recommendations are made at
the EC, individual countries and organisational levels
Methodological Challenges of Researching Positive Action Measures
This paper highlights some ofthe methodological challenges which have arisen in collecting
data for an international study on positive action measures. It will describe strategies employed to
encourage participation in the study from as wide a range of organisations and individuals using a
mixed method approach. The paper will also discuss the methodological and sensitive issues related
to this type of research in organisations and strategies adopted by the research team to ameliorate
any problems that have arisen whilst maintaining trustworthiness and rigour in the study
Positive Action Measures Across Different Equality Grounds, Organisations and Sectors in European and Non-european Countries
yesAbstract: This article is based on a large-scale European Commission project on international perspectives
on positive action measures. The paper presents an analysis of the perceptions of positive
action held by respondents from all the countries participating in an international survey, focussing
specifically upon differences across equality grounds, sector and organisation type. This paper will
also provide examples of positive action being applied in European and non-European countries that
participated in the study. The study adopted extensive literate and online survey to obtain data from
designers of positive action. Findings are discussed, conclusions drawn and wide-ranging recommendations
are made at the European Commission, individual countries and organisational levels
Fostering future global nurse leaders to work toward meeting Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): a global health intern program at Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing
From buzzword to lasting change: The journey from headcount diversity to truly inclusive nursing communities
Learning from Domestic Homicide Reviews in England and Wales
This paper aims to contribute to the prevention of future domestic homicide by analysing 141 domestic homicide reviews (DHRs) in England and Wales. All publicly available DHRs (n=141) were retrieved from Community Safety Partnership websites in England and Wales in June 2016. Utilising a mixed methods approach, we designed templates to extract quantitative and qualitative data from DHRs. Descriptive statistics were generated by SPSS. 54 DHRs were analysed qualitatively, using N-Vivo for data management.
The findings revealed that perpetrators were aged: 16 - 82 years; with a mean average age of 41 years. Victimsâ ages ranged from: 17 and 91 years old; with a mean average age: 45 years. Perpetratorsâ mental health was mentioned in 65% of DHRs; 49% of perpetrators had a mental health diagnosis. Healthcare services, in particular, mental health services, were most likely to be involved with perpetrators. âMovementâ was identified as a key contextual feature of the 54 DHRs analysed qualitatively and this was found to interact with risk assessment, language barriers and housing problems. In conclusion, domestic violence and abuse risk assessments need to be informed by the knowledge that domestic abuse occurs across the age span. Mental health settings offer an opportunity for intervention to prevent domestic homicide. Domestic Homicide Reviews can provide valuable material for training practitioners
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Characteristics of Novel InGaAsN Double Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors
The authors demonstrate, for the first time, both functional Pnp AlGaAs/InGaAsN/GaAs (Pnp InGaAsN) and Npn InGaP/InGaAsN/GaAs (Npn InGaAsN) double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) using a 1.2 eV In{sub 0.03}Ga{sub 0.97}As{sub 0.99}N{sub 0.01} as the base layer for low-power electronic applications. The Pnp InGaAsN DHBT has a peak current gain ({beta}) of 25 and a low turn-on voltage (V{sub ON}) of 0.79 V. This low V{sub ON} is {approximately} 0.25 V lower than in a comparable Pnp AlGAAs/GaAs HBT. For the Npn InGaAsN DHBT, it has a low V{sub ON} of 0.81 V, which is 0.13 V lower than in an InGaP/GaAs HBT. A peak {beta} of 7 with nearly ideal I-V characteristics has been demonstrated. Since GaAs is used as the collector of both Npn and Pnp InGaAsN DHBTs, the emitter-collector breakdown voltage (BV{sub CEO}) are 10 and 12 V, respectively, consistent with the BV{sub CEO} of Npn InGaP/GaAs and Pnp AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs of comparable collector thickness and doping level. All these results demonstrate the potential of InGaAsN DHBTs as an alternative for application in low-power electronics
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