Negations in syllogistic reasoning: Evidence for a heuristic–analytic conflict

An experiment utilizing response time measures was conducted to test dominant processing strategies in syllogistic reasoning with the expanded quantifier set proposed by Roberts (2005). Through adding negations to existing quantifiers it is possible to change problem surface features without altering logical validity. Biases based on surface features such as atmosphere, matching, and the probability heuristics model (PHM; Chater & Oaksford, 1999; Wetherick & Gilhooly, 1995) would not be expected to show variance in response latencies, but participant responses should be highly sensitive to changes in the surface features of the quantifiers. In contrast, according to analytic accounts such as mental models theory and mental logic (e.g., Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991; Rips, 1994) participants should exhibit increased response times for negated premises, but not be overly impacted upon by the surface features of the conclusion. Data indicated that the dominant response strategy was based on a matching heuristic, but also provided evidence of a resource-demanding analytic procedure for dealing with double negatives. The authors propose that dual-process theories offer a stronger account of these data whereby participants employ competing heuristic and analytic strategies and fall back on a heuristic response when analytic processing fails

Young children's research: children aged 4-8 years finding solutions at home and at school

Children's research capacities have become increasingly recognised by adults, yet children remain excluded from the academy, with reports of their research participation generally located in adults' agenda. Such practice restricts children's freedom to make choices in matters affecting them, underestimates children’s capabilities and denies children particular rights. The present paper reports on one aspect of a small-scale critical ethnographic study adopting a constructivist grounded approach to conceptualise ways in which children's naturalistic behaviours may be perceived as research. The study builds on multi-disciplinary theoretical perspectives, embracing 'new' sociology, psychology, economics, philosophy and early childhood education and care (ECEC). Research questions include: 'What is the nature of ECEC research?' and 'Do children’s enquiries count as research?' Initially, data were collected from the academy: professional researchers (n=14) confirmed 'finding solutions' as a research behaviour and indicated children aged 4-8 years, their practitioners and primary carers as 'theoretical sampling'. Consequently, multi-modal case studies were constructed with children (n=138) and their practitioners (n=17) in three ‘good’ schools, with selected children and their primary carers also participating at home. This paper reports on data emerging from children aged 4-8 years at school (n=17) and at home (n=5). Outcomes indicate that participating children found diverse solutions to diverse problems, some of which they set themselves. Some solutions engaged children in high order thinking, whilst others did not; selecting resources and trialing activities engaged children in 'finding solutions'. Conversely, when children's time, provocations and activities were directed by adults, the quality of their solutions was limited, they focused on pleasing adults and their motivation to propose solutions decreased. In this study, professional researchers recognised 'finding solutions' as research behaviour and children aged 4-8 years naturalistically presented with capacities for finding solutions; however, the children's encounters with adults affected the solutions they found

Visual Imagery in Deductive Reasoning: Results from experiments with sighted, blindfolded, and congenitally totally blind persons

We report three experiments on visual mental imagery in de-ductive reasoning. Reasoning performance of sighted partici-pants was impeded if the materials were easy to envisage as visual mental images. Congenitally totally blind participants did not show this visual-impedance effect. Blindfolded par-ticipants with normal vision showed the same pattern of per-formance as the sighted. We conclude that irrelevant visual detail can be a nuisance in reasoning and impedes the process

Conditional Reasoning: The importance of individual differences

This paper was presented at Syposium on Mental Models, Madrid, November 1998In this study, we explore the relation between different measures in psychometric ability tests (verbal comprehension and reasoning) and performance in Wason's selection task (Wason, 1966, 1968). We also examined whether or not good and poor verbal comprehenders, according to a Spanish version of Gernsbacher's Battery Comprehension, differ in their performance in a experimental conditional task. The results of the experimental study reveal that the DAT-VR psychometric test is a good predictor for performance in Wason's selection task. The results also showed that there are no differences between good and poor verbal comprehenders. Finally, logical performance was influenced by the content's rule and the experimental instructions. These results may be explained by the semantic theories and do not support the formal theories of conditional reasoning.En esta investigación se estudia la relación entre diferentes puntuaciones obtenidas en tests psicométricos que miden distintas habilidades cognitivas (comprensión verbal y razonamiento) y la ejecución en la tarea de selección de Wason (Wason, 1966, 1968). También se analizó si sujetos con puntuaciones altas y bajas en la versión española de la Batería de Comprensión de Gernsbacher, se diferenciaban en su ejecución en la tarea experimental de razonamiento condicional. Los resultados de esta investigación experimental han puesto de manifiesto que el tests psicométrico DAT-VR es un buen predictor de la ejecución en la tarea de selección de Wason. Los datos obtenidos también indican que no hay diferencias entre sujetos con puntuaciones extremas en las pruebas de comprensión. Finalmente, la ejecución lógica estaba influída por el contenido de la regla y las instrucciones experimentales. Estos resultados podrían ser explicados en el marco de las teorías semánticas y no apoyan las teorías formales de razonamiento condicional

Reasoning with conditionals

This paper reviews the psychological investigation of reasoning with conditionals, putting an emphasis on recent work. In the first part, a few methodological remarks are presented. In the second part, the main theories of deductive reasoning (mental rules, mental models, and the probabilistic approach) are considered in turn; their content is summarised and the semantics they assume for if and the way they explain formal conditional reasoning are discussed, in particular in the light of experimental work on the probability of conditionals. The last part presents the recent shift of interest towards the study of conditional reasoning in context, that is, with large knowledge bases and uncertain premises

A Computational Model for Spatial Reasoning with Mental Models

We propose a computational model for spatial reasoning by means of mental models. Our SRM model (Spatial Reasoning by Models) maps spatial working memory to a twodimensional array and uses a spatial focus that places objects in the array, manipulates the position of objects, and inspects the array to find spatial relations that are not given in the premises. The SRM model results in a computational complexity measure that relies on the number of operations in the array and the number of relations that must be handled. The performance of the SRM model is compared to the performance of human subjects reported in the literature and in our own study

Comparing Measures of Individual Differences in Performance of Conditional Reasoning

This work was presented at 10th EUROPEAN MEETING OF THE PSYCHOMETRIC SOCIETY, celebrated in Santiago de Compostela, Spain (15-18th July, 1997). This study examined the following issues: 1) The relation among different measures in psychometric ability tests (verbal comprehension and reasoning), computerised measure of comprehension skills and the subjects´ performance in a experimental task of conditional reasoning, 2) Whetehr or not good and por comprehenders sistematically differ in their performance in Wason´s selection task (Wason, 1966, 1968) and 3) The differential influence of rule content and instruction on the subjects´ performance in the selection task. 154 undergraduate students each completed three psychometric ability tests (DAT-VR, PMA-V and PMA-R), and a spanish versión of Gernsbacher´s Comprehension Battery. Subsequently each subject was given three problems corresponding to the content of the theree different rules (abstract content, thematic-premission and thematic-norm) and the instructions were also manipulated (verification/falsation vs. violation) (Valiña & cols., 1996). The results showed that: a) Performance in Wason´s selection task with abstract and thematic-permission content in terms of logical index is related to measures of the DAT-VR, b) In terms of differential analyses it was found that the logical index was considerably better in the higher reasoning-verbal group (DAT-VR) with abstract content and thematic-permission, but differences were not found in performance among good and por verbal comprehenders (PMA-V and Gernsbacher Comprehension Battery) or subjects with high and low scores in the PMA-R, and c) For he logical index and the matching index the principal effects of the content of the rule and the instructions were registere