Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security

This book draws on a wide range of scientific research on the contribution that insects make to ecosystems, diets, food security and livelihoods in both developed and developing countries

Nondestructive monitoring of ageing of Alkali resistant Glass fiber reinforced cement (GRC)

Glass fiber reinforced cement (GRC) is a composite material made of portland cement mortar and alkali resistant (AR) fibers. AR fibers are added to portland cement to give the material additional flexural strength and toughness. However, ageing deteriorates the fibers and as a result the improvement in the mechanical properties resulted from the fiber addition disappears as the structure becomes old. The aim of this paper is monitoring GRC ageing by nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques. Two different NDE techniques (1) nonlinear impact resonant acoustic spectroscopy analysis and (2) propagating ultrasonic guided waves are used for this purpose. Both techniques revealed a reduction of the nonlinear behavior in the GRC material with ageing. Specimens are then loaded to failure to obtain their strength and stiffness. Compared to the un-aged specimens, the aged specimens are found to exhibit more linear behavior, have more stiffness but less toughness. Finally, undisturbed fragments on the fracture surface from mechanical tests are inspected under the electron microscope, to understand the fundamental mechanisms that cause the change in the GRC behavior with ageing.The authors want to acknowledge the financial support of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion MICINN, Spain, and FEDER funding (Ondacem Project: BIA 2010-19933) and BES-2011-044624. Also thanks to PAID-02-11 Program from Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.Eiras Fernández, JN.; Kundu, T.; Bonilla Salvador, MM.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ. (2013). Nondestructive monitoring of ageing of Alkali resistant Glass fiber reinforced cement (GRC). Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation - NDT and E International. 32:300-314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-013-0183-yS30031432Bentur, A., Fibre, M.S.: Reinforced Cementitious Composites, 2nd edn. Taylor and Francis, New York (2007)Purnell, P., Short, N.R., Page, C.L.: A static fatigue model for the durability of glass fibre reinforced cement. J. 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Waste Manag. 27(10), 1416–1421 (2007)Zhang, Y., Sun, W., Shang, L., Pan, G.: The effect of high content of fly ash on the properties of glass fiber reinforced cementitious composites. Cem. Concr. Res. 27(12), 1885–1891 (1997)Purnell, P., Short, N., Page, C.: Super-critical carbonation of glass-fibre reinforced cement. Part 1: mechanical testing and chemical analysis. Composites, Part A, Appl. Sci. Manuf. 32(12), 1777–1787 (2001)EN 1170-8:2008. Test method for glass-fibre reinforced cement. Cyclic weathering type testPurnell, P.: Interpretation of climatic temperature variations for accelerated ageing models. J. Mater. Sci. 39(1), 113–118 (2004)Enfedaque, A., Sánchez Paradela, L., Sánchez-Gálvez, V.: An alternative methodology to predict aging effects on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced cements (GRC). Constr. Build. Mater. 27(1), 425–431 (2012)Litherland, K.L., Maguire, P., Proctor, B.A.: A test method for the strength of glass fibres in cement. Int. J. Cem. Compos. Lightweight Concr. 6(1), 39–45 (1984)Itterbeeck, P., Cuypers, H., Orlowsky, J., Wastiels, J.: Evaluation of the strand in cement (SIC) test for GRCs with improved durability. Mater. Struct. 41(6), 1109–1116 (2007)Guyer, R.A., Johnson, P.A.: Nonlinear mesoscopic elasticity: evidence for a new class of materials. Phys. Today 52, 30 (1999)Johnson, P.A.: Nonequilibrium nonlinear dynamics in solids: state of the art. In: Delsanto, P.P. (ed.) Universality of Nonclassical Nonlinearity, pp. 49–69. Springer, New York (2006)Guyer, R.A., McCall, K.R., Boitnott, G.N.: Hysteresis, discrete memory, and nonlinear wave propagation in rock: a new paradigm. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74(17), 3491–3494 (1995)Mayergoyz, I.D.: Mathematical Models of Hysteresis and Their Applications. Academic Press, New York (2003)Van Den Abeele, K.E.A., Carmeliet, J., Ten Cate, J.A., Johnson, P.A.: Nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy (NEWS) techniques to discern material damage, part II: single-mode nonlinear resonance acoustic spectroscopy. Res. Nondestruct. Eval. 12(1), 31–42 (2000)Chen, J., Jayapalan, A.R., Kim, J.Y., Kurtis, K.E., Jacobs, L.J.: Rapid evaluation of alkali–silica reactivity of aggregates using a nonlinear resonance spectroscopy technique. Cem. Concr. Res. 40(6), 914–923 (2010)Leśnicki, K.J., Kim, J.Y., Kurtis, K.E., Jacobs, L.J.: Characterization of ASR damage in concrete using nonlinear impact resonance acoustic spectroscopy technique. Nondestruct. Test. Eval. Int. 44(8), 721–727 (2011)Bouchaala, F., Payan, C., Garnier, V., Balayssac, J.P.: Carbonation assessment in concrete by nonlinear ultrasound. Cem. Concr. Res. 41(5), 557–559 (2011)Eiras, J.N., Popovics, J.S., Borrachero, M.V., Monzó, J., Payá, J.: Nonlinear impact resonant acoustic spectroscopy to discern mechanical damage in cement based materials. In: 15th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, Porto, Portugal (2012)Kundu, T.: Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation: Engineering and Biological Material Characterization. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2004)Kundu, T.: Ultrasonic and Electromagnetic NDE for Structure and Material Characterization—Engineering and Biomedical Applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2012)Dutta, D., Sohn, H., Harries, K.A., Rizzo, P.: A nonlinear acoustic technique for crack detection in metallic structures. Struct. Health Monit. 8(3), 251–262 (2009)Aymerich, F., Staszewski, W.J.: Impact damage detection in composite laminates using nonlinear acoustics. Composites, Part A, Appl. Sci. Manuf. 41(9), 1084–1092 (2010)EN 1170-1:1998. Precast concrete products. Test method for glass-fibre reinforced cement. 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A New Saurolophine Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia

Background: Four main dinosaur sites have been investigated in latest Cretaceous deposits from the Amur/Heilongjiang Region: Jiayin and Wulaga in China (Yuliangze Formation), Blagoveschensk and Kundur in Russia (Udurchukan Formation). More than 90% of the bones discovered in these localities belong to hollow-crested lambeosaurine saurolophids, but flat-headed saurolophines are also represented: Kerberosaurus manakini at Blagoveschensk and Wulagasaurus dongi at Wulaga. Methodology/Principal Findings: Herein we describe a new saurolophine dinosaur, Kundurosaurus nagornyi gen. et sp. nov. from the Udurchukan Formation (Maastrichtian) of Kundur, represented by disarticulated cranial and postcranial material. This new taxon is diagnosed by four autapomorphies. Conclusions/Significance: A phylogenetic analysis of saurolophines indicates that Kundurosaurus nagornyi is nested within a rather robust clade including Edmontosaurus spp. Saurolophus spp. and Prosaurolophus maximus, possibly as a sister-taxon for Kerberosaurus manakini also from the Udurchukan Formation of Far Eastern Russia. The high diversity and mosaic distribution of Maastrichtian hadrosaurid faunas in the Amur-Heilongjiang region are the result of a complex palaeogeographical history and imply that many independent hadrosaurid lineages dispersed without any problem between western America and eastern Asia at the end of the Cretaceous. © 2012 Godefroit et al.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

First Evidence of Reproductive Adaptation to “Island Effect” of a Dwarf Cretaceous Romanian Titanosaur, with Embryonic Integument In Ovo

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The Cretaceous vertebrate assemblages of Romania are famous for geographically endemic dwarfed dinosaur taxa. We report the first complete egg clutches of a dwarf lithostrotian titanosaur, from Toteşti, Romania, and its reproductive adaptation to the “island effect”.</p> <h3>Methodology/Findings</h3><p>The egg clutches were discovered in sequential sedimentary layers of the Maastrichtian Sânpetru Formation, Toteşti. The occurrence of 11 homogenous clutches in successive strata suggests philopatry by the same dinosaur species, which laid clutches averaging four ∼12 cm diameters eggs. The eggs and eggshells display numerous characters shared with the positively identified material from egg-bearing level 4 of the Auca Mahuevo (Patagonia, Argentina) nemegtosaurid lithostrotian nesting site. Microscopic embryonic integument with bacterial evidences was recovered in one egg. The millimeter-size embryonic integument displays micron size dermal papillae implying an early embryological stage at the time of death, likely corresponding to early organogenesis before the skeleton formation.</p> <h3>Conclusions/Significance</h3><p>The shared oological characters between the Haţeg specimens and their mainland relatives suggest a highly conservative reproductive template, while the nest decrease in egg numbers per clutch may reflect an adaptive trait to a smaller body size due to the “island effect”. The combined presence of the lithostrotian egg and its embryo in the Early Cretaceous Gobi coupled with the oological similarities between the Haţeg and Auca Mahuevo oological material evidence that several titanosaur species migrated from Gondwana through the Haţeg Island before or during the Aptian/Albian. It also suggests that this island might have had episodic land bridges with the rest of the European archipelago and Asia deep into the Cretaceous.</p> </div

The lambeosaurine dinosaur Amurosaurus riabinini, from the Maastrichtian of Far Eastern Russia

Amurosaurus riabinini Bolotsky and Kurzanov, 1991 (Dinosauria, Hadrosauridae) is described on the basis of numerous disarticulated bones from the Maastrichtian Udurchukan Formation of Blagoveschensk, Far Eastern Russia. Comparisons with North American palynozones and their well−calibrated ages suggest that this formation is late Maastrichtian in age. It is shown that A. riabinini is a valid species, characterised by cranial and postcranial autapomorphies. A phylogenetic analysis, based on 40 cranial, dental, and postcranial characters, indicates that this taxon occupies a relatively basal position within the lambeosaurine subfamily as the sister−taxon of a monophyletic group formed by the parasauroloph and corythosaur clades. This cladogram also demonstrates that lambeosaurines have an Asian origin. In eastern Asia, lambeosaurine dinosaurs dominate late Maastrichtian dinosaur localities, whereas this group is apparently no longer represented in synchronous localities from western North America

Service life modelling of fibre composites: A unified approach

A model for simulated ageing of glass fibre reinforced composites is presented, based on the micromechanics of the primary strength loss process i.e. fibre degradation, was fitted to extant data in the literature for both polymer- and cement-matrix composites. Correlation coefficients of >0.95 were obtained in all cases. Derived parameters suggest that for a diffusion-based approach is most useful. Applied strain apparently alters the fundamental ageing process. The activation energy for the ageing process ranged from 41 to 118 kJ/mol; there is some evidence that 90–100 kJ/mol is probably the true value, correlating with studies on aqueous glass degradation. Bulk water ingress into the samples was fundamentally not correlated with the strength loss process. A more advanced analysis of OH ion transport in glass fibre composites is required to clarify the mechanism. Half-lives of 20 and 80 years were predicted for cement- and polymer-matrix composites, respectively, at service lives of 20 C