Die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität

Zusammenfassung: Die Messung der Lebensqualität gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Obwohl eine Definition des Begriffs fehlt, wurden unzählige Messinstrumente zu ihrer Erfassung entwickelt, vorwiegend subjektive Fragebogen. In der Medizin wird die Lebensqualität eingeschränkt, man spricht von der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität ["health-related quality of life" (HRQoL)]. Ihre Messung ist heute Teil der Beurteilung von medizinischen Interventionen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird das Konstrukt der (gesundheitsbezogenen) Lebensqualität beleuchtet und eine Auswahl von Instrumenten zur Erfassung der HRQoL vorgestellt. Herausforderungen im Umgang mit der HRQoL werden besprochen und der Einbezug von objektiv gemessenen Parametern diskutiert

On the origin and evolution of the material in 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

International audiencePrimitive objects like comets hold important information on the material that formed our solar system. Several comets have been visited by spacecraft and many more have been observed through Earth- and space-based telescopes. Still our understanding remains limited. Molecular abundances in comets have been shown to be similar to interstellar ices and thus indicate that common processes and conditions were involved in their formation. The samples returned by the Stardust mission to comet Wild 2 showed that the bulk refractory material was processed by high temperatures in the vicinity of the early sun. The recent Rosetta mission acquired a wealth of new data on the composition of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P/C-G) and complemented earlier observations of other comets. The isotopic, elemental, and molecular abundances of the volatile, semi-volatile, and refractory phases brought many new insights into the origin and processing of the incorporated material. The emerging picture after Rosetta is that at least part of the volatile material was formed before the solar system and that cometary nuclei agglomerated over a wide range of heliocentric distances, different from where they are found today. Deviations from bulk solar system abundances indicate that the material was not fully homogenized at the location of comet formation, despite the radial mixing implied by the Stardust results. Post-formation evolution of the material might play an important role, which further complicates the picture. This paper discusses these major findings of the Rosetta mission with respect to the origin of the material and puts them in the context of what we know from other comets and solar system objects

Corrigendum to “Recycling of crustal material by the Iceland mantle plume: New evidence from nitrogen elemental and isotope systematics of subglacial basalts” [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 176 (2016) 206–226]

In Table 1 of the above published paper, N2/40Ar* ratios (column 13) are incorrect. A corrected table and updated figures (Figs. 6–8) are shown below. The correct N2/40Ar* values vary between 178 and 2.6 X 10^4, with a mean of 4.1 ± 2.1 (X10^3). Although this range in N2/40Ar* ratios is somewhat smaller compared to what was reported, it still displays considerably more heterogeneity compared to the DMM database. The new mean value is also significantly higher than the DMM mean (138 ± 65), as discussed. Therefore, the findings in the paper concerning heterogeneous and elevated N2/40Ar* ratios in Icelandic subglacial basalts still stand

Regions of interest (ROI) for future exploration missions to the lunar South Pole

The last decades have been marked by increasing evidence for the presence of near-surface volatiles at the lunar poles. Enhancement in hydrogen near both poles, UV and VNIR albedo anomalies, high CPR in remotely sensed radar data have all been tentatively interpreted as evidence for surface and/or subsurface water ice. Lunar water ice and other potential cold-trapped volatiles are targets of interest both as scientific repositories for understanding the evolution of the Solar System and for exploration purposes. Determining the exact nature, extent and origin of the volatile species at or near the surface in the lunar polar regions however requires in situ measurements via lander or rover missions. A number of upcoming missions will address these issues by obtaining in situ data or by returning samples from the lunar surface or shallow subsurface. These all rely on the selection of optimal landing sites. The present paper discusses potential regions of interest (ROI) for combined volatile and geologic investigations in the vicinity of the lunar South Pole. We identified eleven regions of interest (including a broad area of interest (>200 km × 200 km) at the South Pole, together with smaller regions located near Cabeus, Amundsen, Ibn Bajja, Wiechert J and Idel'son craters), with enhanced near-surface hydrogen concentration (H > 100 ppm by weight) and where water ice is expected to be stable at the surface, considering the present-day surface thermal regime. Identifying more specific landing sites for individual missions is critically dependent on the mission's goals and capabilities. We present detailed case studies of landing site analyses based on the mission scenario and requirements of the upcoming Luna-25 and Luna-27 landers and Lunar Prospecting Rover case study. Suitable sites with promising science outcomes were found for both lander and rover scenarios. However, the rough topography and limited illumination conditions near the South Pole reduce the number of possible landing sites, especially for solar-powered missions. It is therefore expected that limited Sun and Earth visibility at latitudes >80° will impose very stringent constraints on the design and duration of future polar missions

Development of an optical fiber fluorescence setup for in-situ PAHs detection in porous media. Application to pyranine transport in sand columns

An optical method based on fluorescence spectroscopy was developed for in-situ non-destructive, real time, org. pollutant detection and quantification in soil. Optical fiber-based light-induced fluorescence probes allowing in-situ specific chem. detection were constructed. Pyranine was chosen as a model fluorescent polycyclic arom. hydrocarbon (PAH). The effect of sand particles on fluorescence measurements was established: the fluorescence intensity in water-satd. sand was 8 times lower than in aq. solns., due to light scattering by the sand particles. To adapt the method to dynamic pollutant concn. measurements in soil, 2 different designs of light diffusers were constructed and compared. A light distributor with a quartz window was chosen for its higher sensitivity and reproducibility. The probes were introduced into 2 different columns: short ones used to study the effect of the measurement location in the column and longer ones to study pyranine transport. It was shown that, in columns, the measurement location plays an important role; measurements near the walls, in particular, were different from those performed more towards the center of the column in a given section. As a consequence, one should avoid measurements near the circumference. Results were successfully compared to a chem. transport model and revealed that the methodol. is a powerful tool to measure in-situ concn. changes; on the other hand, fluorescent measurements can be used efficiently to det. transport parameters and give results comparable with those obtained with classical breakthrough curve fittings