Kajian Implementasi Aturan Trading In Influence dalam Hukum Nasional

Modus dan operandi kejahatan korupsi selalu berganti secara cepat. Laju Perubahan Perundang-undangan selalu terlambat beberapa langkah di belakang kejahatan itu sendiri. Alhasil, banyak perbuatan yang sejatinya jahat namum tidak bisa dijerat dengan proses hukum karena ketiadaan regulasi yang memadai untuk menjerat pelaku tersebut. Salah satunya ada perdagangan pengaruh atau trading in influence. Jika berkaca kepada kasus-kasus korupsi yang ditangani oleh KPK dalam kurun lima tahun belakangan ini menunjukkan fenomena elit partai yang bekerja sebagai “pengepul” modal politik untuk partai. Jumlah yang dikumpulkan dan ditarget tidak main-main. Berbagai sumber seperti APBN, APBD hingga swasta dijadikan target modal politik. Di lain sisi, tidak jarang pula orang-orang yang berada di lingkungan kekuasaan namun bukan menjadi seorang Penyelenggara Negara memanfaatkan kedekatannya dengan kekuasaan. Kedekatannya tersebut digunakan untuk mengendalikan proyek-proyek pemerintahan. Sehingga ia memperoleh sejumlah fee dari pengurusan proyek-proyek itu sendiri. Kalaulah mereka yang melakukan hal tersebut adalah penyelenggara Negara menurut ketentuan UU No 28 Tahun 1999 tentang Penyelenggaraan Negara Yang Bebas KKN, maka mereka akan bisa dijerat dengan UU Korupsi. Namun menjadi masalah ketika mereka tersebut bukanlah penyelenggara Negara sebagaimana diatur dalam UU di atas. Maka UU Tindak pidana korupsi tidak bisa digunakan untuk menjerat pelakukan perdagangan pengaruh. Kelemahan ini karena Indonesia belum mengadopsi ketentuan perdagangan pengaruh sebagaimana yang diatur dalam pasal 18 United Nation Convention Against Corruption. Hal ini menjadi celah bagi khususnya non Penyelenggara Negara untuk mempegunakan pengaruhnya untuk memperoleh keuntungan materi atau keuntungan yang tidak semestinya (undue advantage). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengakaji pengaturan trading in influencedalam UNCAC dan perbandingannya dengan beberapa Negara, menunjukkan urgensi keberadaan aturan trading in influence dalam hukum pidana nasional dan memformulasikan delik perdagangan pengaruh sebagai rekomedasi dalam revisi UU Tindak Pidana Korupsi

PENGEMBANGAN INVERTER FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL UNTUK PENGENDALIAN MOTOR INDUKSI SEBAGAI PENGGERAK MOBIL LISTRIK DENGAN METODA VECTOR KONTROL

The development of Inverter Fuzzy Logic Control for Induction Motor Control by Vector Control Method in Electric Vehicle. In response to concerns about energy cost, energy dependence, and environmental damage, a rekindling of interest in electric vehicles (EV’s) has been obvious. Thus, the development of power electronics technology for EV’s will take an accelerated pace to fulfill the market needs, regarding with the problem in this paper is presented development of fuzzy logic inverter in induction motor control for electric vehicle propulsion. The Fuzzy logic inverter is developed in this system to directed toward developing an improved propulsion system for electric vehicles applications, the fuzzy logic controller is used for switching process. This paper is describes the design concepts, configuration, controller for inverter fuzzy logic and drive system is developed for this high-performance electric vehicle.Keywords: rule base, vector control, dq mode

Predicting erythropoietin resistance in hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes

<p>Background: Resistance to ESAs (erythropoietin stimulating agents) is highly prevalent in hemodialysis patients with diabetes and associated with an increased mortality. The aim of this study was to identify predictors for ESA resistance and to develop a prediction model for the risk stratification in these patients.</p> <p>Methods: A post-hoc analysis was conducted of the 4D study, including 1015 patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing hemodialysis. Determinants of ESA resistance were identified by univariate logistic regression analyses. Subsequently, multivariate models were performed with stepwise inclusion of significant predictors from clinical parameters, routine laboratory and specific biomarkers.</p> <p>Results: In the model restricted to clinical parameters, male sex, shorter dialysis vintage, lower BMI, history of CHF, use of ACE-inhibitors and a higher heart rate were identified as independent predictors of ESA resistance. In regard to routine laboratory markers, lower albumin, lower iron saturation, higher creatinine and higher potassium levels were independently associated with ESA resistance. With respect to specific biomarkers, higher ADMA and CRP levels as well as lower Osteocalcin levels were predictors of ESA resistance.</p> <p>Conclusions: Easily obtainable clinical parameters and routine laboratory parameters can predict ESA resistance in diabetic hemodialysis patients with good discrimination. Specific biomarkers did not meaningfully further improve the risk prediction of ESA resistance. Routinely assessed data can be used in clinical practice to stratify patients according to the risk of ESA resistance, which may help to assign appropriate treatment strategies.</p&gt

Washingtonia filifera seed extracts inhibit the islet amyloid polypeptide fibrils formations and α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity

Washingtonia filifera seeds have revealed to possess antioxidant properties, butyrylcholinesterase and xanthine oxidase inhibition activities. The literature has indicated a relationship between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and type-2 diabetes (T2D). Keeping this in mind, we have now evaluated the inhibitory properties of W. filifera seed extracts on α-amylase, α-glucosidase enzyme activity and the Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP) fibrils formation. Three extracts from seeds of W. filifera were evaluated for their enzyme inhibitory effect and IC50 values were calculated for all the extracts. The inhibition mode was investigated by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis and the inhibition of IAPP aggregate formation was monitored. W. filifera methanol seed extract appears as the most potent inhibitor of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and for the IAPP fibril formation. Current findings indicate new potential of this extract that could be used for the identification or development of novel potential agents for T2D and AD

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with IL-6 levels and monocyte activation in HIV-infected persons

Immune activation plays a key role in HIV pathogenesis. Markers of inflammation have been associated with vitamin D deficiency in the general population. Studies have also demonstrated associations of vitamin D deficiency with increased risk of HIV progression and death. The relationship between persistent inflammation and immune activation during chronic HIV infection and vitamin D deficiency remains unclear.Cryopreserved specimens were analyzed from 663 participants at the time of enrollment from the Study to Understand the Natural History of HIV/AIDS in the Era of Effective Therapy (SUN Study) from 2004 to 2006. Biomarkers of inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coagulation were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and electrochemiluminescence. 25(OH)D, the stable precursor form of vitamin D, was measured using a radioimmunoassay with levels defined as: normal (≥30ng/mL), insufficient (20-29 ng/mL) and deficient (<20 ng/mL). Monocyte phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry. Linear and logistic regression models were used to determine statistical associations between biomarkers and vitamin D deficiency.25(OH)D levels were deficient in 251 (38%) participants, insufficient in 222 (34%), and normal in 190 (29%). Patients with vitamin D deficiency, when compared to those with insufficient or normal vitamin D levels, had increased levels of IL-6 (23%; p<0.01), TNF-α (21%, p = 0.03), D-dimer (24%, p = 0.01), higher proportions of CD14dimCD16+ (22%, p<0.01) and CX3CR1+ monocytes (48%; p<0.001) and decreased frequency of CCR2+ monocytes (-3.4%, p<0.001). In fully adjusted models, vitamin D associations with abnormal biomarker levels persisted for IL-6 levels and CX3CR1+ and CCR2+ phenotypes.Vitamin D deficiency is associated with greater inflammation and activated monocyte phenotypes. The role of vitamin D deficiency in persistent immune activation and associated complications during chronic HIV disease should be further evaluated as a possible target for intervention