Climate Change, Growth, and California Wildfire

Large wildfire occurrence and burned area are modeled using hydroclimate and landsurface characteristics under a range of future climate and development scenarios. The range of uncertainty for future wildfire regimes is analyzed over two emissions pathways (the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios [SRES] A2 and B1 scenarios); three global climate models (Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques CM3, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory CM21 and National Center for Atmospheric Research PCM2); a mid‐range scenario for future population growth and development footprint; two model specifications related to the uncertainty over the speed and timing with which vegetation characteristics will shift their spatial distributions in response to trends in climate and disturbance; and two thresholds for defining the wildland‐urban interface relative to housing density. Results were assessed for three 30‐year time periods centered on 2020, 2050, and 2085, relative to a 30‐year reference period centered on 1975. Substantial increases in wildfire are anticipated for most scenarios, although the range of outcomes is large and increases with time. The increase in wildfire area burned associated with the higher emissions pathway (SRES A2) is substantial, with increases statewide ranging from 57 percent to 169 percent by 2085, and increases exceeding 100 percent in most of the forest areas of Northern California in every SRES A2 scenario by 2085. The spatial patterns associated with increased fire occurrence vary according to the speed with which the distribution of vegetation types shifts on the landscape in response to climate and disturbance, with greater increases in fire area burned tending to occur in coastal southern California, the Monterey Bay area and northern California Coast ranges in scenarios where vegetation types shift more rapidly.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Regional Integrated Science and Assessment Program for California, United StatesCalifornia Climate Change Center/[CEC-500-2009-046-F]//Estados UnidosUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station///Estados UnidosNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Regional Integrated Science and Assessment Program for California///Estados UnidosUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas (CIGEFI

SIRT1 Allele Frequencies in Depressed Patients of European Descent in Russia

Depressive disorder (DD) is a widespread mental disorder. Although DD is to some extent inherited, the genes contributing to the risk of this disorder and its genetic mechanisms remain poorly understood. A recent large-scale genome-wide association Chinese study revealed a strong association between the SIRT1 gene variants and DD. The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of heterozygote carriers and search for rare SNP variants of the SIRT1 gene in a cohort of DD patients as compared with a cohort of randomly selected members of the Russian population. The complete coding sequences of the SIRT1 gene from 1024 DNA samples from the general Russian population and from 244 samples from patients with DD were analyzed using targeted sequencing. Four new genetic variants of the SIRT1 were discovered. While no significant differences in the allele frequencies were found between the DD patients and the general population, differences between the frequencies of homozygote carriers of specific alleles and occurrences of heterozygous were found to be significant for rs2236318 (P < 0.0001), and putatively, rs7896005 (P < 0.05), and rs36107781 (P < 0.05). The study found for the first time that two new SNPs (i.e., 10:69665829 and 10:69665971) along with recently reported ones (rs773025707 and rs34701705), are putatively associated with DD. The revealed DD-associated SIRT1 SNPs might confer susceptibility to this disorder in Russian population of European descent

АТРИОВЕНТРИКУЛЯРНАЯ УЗЛОВАЯ РЕЦИПРОКНАЯ ТАХИКАРДИЯ ТИПА SLOW/SLOW ПРИ НАЛИЧИИ АТРИОВЕНТРИКУЛЯРНОЙ БЛОКАДЫ ПЕРВОЙ СТЕПЕНИ

The report describes the case of slow/slow type of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in first degree atrioventricular block which simulate atrial ectopic or orthodromic tachycardia. Differential diagnosis technique is described and mechanisms of the phenomenon are illustrated.Представлен клинический случай электрофизиологического исследования и катетерной абляции атриовентрикулярной узловой реципрокной тахикардии типа slow/slow при наличии атриовентрикулярной блокады первой степени, имитирующей предсердную эктопическую или ортодромную тахикардию. Описаны приемы дифференциальной диагностики и объяснены механизмы феномена

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ МОРФОЛОГИИ КОМПЛЕКСА QRS В ПРОЦЕССЕ АБЛАЦИИ СУБЭПИКАРДИАЛЬНОГО ЖЕЛУДОЧКОВОГО ЭКТОПИЧЕСКОГО ОЧАГА

The report describes the case of electrophysiological study, mapping and catheter ablation of ectopic focus in right ventricular outflow tract. The changes of QRS complex morphology during ablation were analyzed. They were interpreted as characteristics of subepicardial localization of arrhythmogenic substrate.Представлен клинический случай электрофизиологического исследования, картирования и катетерной аблации эктопического очага в париетальной стенке выводного тракта правого желудочка. Проанализированы изменения морфологии комплекса QRS в процессе аблации, которые интерпретированы как признаки субэпикардиальной локализации аритмогенного субстрата

ВЕРИФИКАЦИЯ БЛОКА МИТРАЛЬНОГО ИСТМУСА С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ЕДИНСТВЕННОГО КАТЕТЕРА

The report describes the case of electrophysiological study and catheter ablation of right atrial flutter in patient undergone left lateral accessory pathway ablation. The technique of mitral isthmus block verification using a single catheter is described. This technique allows refusing unnecessary transseptal puncture, additional central vein catherization and use of extra catheter.Представлен клинический случай электрофизиологического исследования и катетерной аблации правопредсердного трепетания у пациентки, ранее перенесшей радиочастотную аблацию левостороннего бокового дополнительного пути проведения. Описана техника верификации блока проведения через митральный истмус с использованием единственного электрода, позволяющая отказаться от ненужной транссептальной пункции, катетеризации дополнительной центральной вены и использования лишнего катетера

ПАРАГИСИАЛЬНЫЙ ТРАКТ МАХАЙМА

The report describes the case of electrophysiological study of rare ‘short’ atrioventricular parahisian Mahaim fibre.Представлен клинический случай электрофизиологического исследования редкого феномена – «короткого» атриовентрикулярного тракта Махайма парагисиальной локализации

ТОЧНОСТЬ ТОПИЧЕСКОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ЖЕЛУДОЧКОВЫХ ЭКТОПИЧЕСКИХ АРИТМИЙ ПРИ ПОМОЩИ НЕИНВАЗИВНОГО КАРТИРОВАНИЯ

Purpose. The aim of the study was to compare the accuracy of non-invasive topical diagnosis of ventricular arrhythmias and the data of intracardiac mapping.Materials and methods. Thirty-six patients (16 male and 20 female) 44.2±7.6 years of age having ventricular ectopic arrhythmias were included in retrospective study. Patient selection was based on the results of intracardiac mapping in such a way to form six equal groups by six patients in each. Before the ablation procedure, non-invasive mapping was performed in all patients. After the procedure, the accuracy of non-invasive mapping was evaluated in comparison with invasive procedure results.Results. Non-invasive mapping allows to localize the ectopic foci in the same anatomical zone with successful ablation site in 24 (67 %) of cases (p=0.0001 in comparison with invasive mapping). The correct localization of the ectopic foci using traditional topical diagnosis algorithm was possible in 23 (64 %) of cases (p=0.0001 in comparison with invasive mapping and p=0.805 in comparison with non-invasive mapping). Statistically insignificant bias of greater accuracy of non-invasive mapping in case of outflow tract location of the ectopic foci was registered.Conclusion. The accuracy of non-invasive mapping varies from 50 to 83 % depending on ectopic focus location (mean 67 %) that is comparable with traditional electrocardiographic topical diagnosis algorithm accuracy. Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний». Кемерово, РоссияЦель. Сравнение точности неинвазивной топической диагностики желудочковых аритмий и данных внутрисердечного картирования.Материалы и методы. В ретроспективное исследование включено 36 пациентов (16 мужчин и 20 женщин) в возрасте 44,2±7,6 года с желудочковыми эктопическими аритмиями различной локализации. Отбор пациентов основывался на результатах внутрисердечного картирования таким образом, чтобы сформировались шесть равных групп по шесть пациентов в каждой. Перед процедурой абляции пациентам выполнялось неинвазивное картирование сердца. После процедуры оценивалась точность неинвазивного картирования в сравнении с результатами инвазивной процедуры.Результаты. По данным неинвазивного картирования локализовать эктопические фокусы в одной и той же анатомической зоне с точкой успешной абляции удалось в 24 (67 %) случаях (p=0,0001 в сравнении с инвазивным картированием), по данным традиционного алгоритма топической диагностики – в 23 (64 %) случаях (p=0,001 в сравнении с инвазивным картированием и p=0,805 в сравнении с неинвазивным). Отмечалась статистически незначимая тенденция к большей точности диагностики неинвазивного картирования при локализации эктопического очага в выводных трактах.Выводы. Точность неинвазивного картирования составляет от 50 до 83 % в зависимости от локализации эктопического очага (в среднем 67 %), что сопоставимо с точностью традиционных алгоритмов топической электрокардиографической диагностики.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ИМПЛАНТИРУЕМЫХ МОНИТОРОВ ЭКГ ДЛЯ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ПРИЧИН СИНКОПАЛЬНЫХ СОСТОЯНИЙ НЕИЗВЕСТНОГО ГЕНЕЗА У ПОДРОСТКОВ: БЛИЖАЙШИЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ

Purpose. Of the study was to estimate the genesis of unexplained syncope in adolescents using implantable ECG recorders.Materials and methods. Twenty adolescents 16.4±1.1 years of age with syncope were included in the study. Cardiological and neurological pathology in them was ruled out according to international guidelines. All of them underwent implantation of Reveal XT subcutaneous ECG monitors. The mean follow-up duration was 3.2±0.6 monthsResults. All 20 (100 %) patients have manually recorded 43 ECG episodes (the mean was 2.1±0.3 per patient). From these 43 manually activated events only 13 (30.2 %) were associated with syncope, 8 (18.6 %) with weakness, 10 (23.3 %) with vertigo, and 12 (27.9 %) with palpitations. The sensitivity of prolonged ECG monitoring in arrhythmogenic mechanism reveal was 46.3 %, the positive predictive value was 59.5 %.Conclusion. In young subjects, suffering from syncope, the aggressive strategy with subcutaneous ECG recorded implantation should be chosen.Цель. Изучение причин синкопальных состояний неизвестного генеза у подростков по данным записей имплантируемых кардиомониторов.Материалы и методы. В исследование включено 20 подростков в возрасте 16,4±1,1 года, страдающих синкопальными состояниями, с исключенным диагнозом кардиологической или неврологической патологии в соответствии с алгоритмом, описанным в международных рекомендациях. Им были имплантированы устройства длительного мониторирования ЭКГ Reveal XT. Длительность мониторирования составила 3,2±0,6 месяца.Результаты. Всеми 20 (100 %) пациентами было представлено к анализу 43 эпизода ЭКГ, записанных вручную (в среднем 2,1±0,3 на пациента) и 29 – автоматически (в среднем 1,5±0,2 на пациента). Из 43 активированных пациентами событий лишь 13 (30,2 %) были связаны с синкопальными состояниями, 8 (18,6 %) – со слабостью, 10 (23,3 %) – с головокружением, 12 (27,9 %) – с сердцебиением. Чувствительность длительного мониторирования ЭКГ в выявлении аритмогенных причин симптоматики у обследованных пациентов составила 46,3 %, положительная предсказательная точность – 59,5 %.Выводы. У молодых субъектов, страдающих синкопальными состояниями, необходимо выбирать агрессивную диагностическую тактику в виде имплантации им подкожных кардиомониторов

The effect of photoemission on nanosecond helium microdischarges at atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric-pressure microdischarges excited by nanosecond high-voltage pulses are investigated in helium-nitrogen mixtures by first-principles particle-based simulations, which include VUV resonance radiation transport via the tracing of photon trajectories. The VUV photons, of which the frequency redistribution in the emission processes is included in some detail, are found to modify the computed discharge characteristics remarkably, due to their ability to induce electron emission from the cathode surface. Electrons created this way enhance the plasma density, and a significant increase of the transient current pulse amplitude is observed. The simulations allow the computation of the density of helium atoms in the 21P resonant state, as well as the density of photons in the plasma and the line shape of the resonant VUV radiation reaching the electrodes. These indicate the presence of significant radiation trapping in the plasma and photon escape times longer than the duration of the excitation pulses are found

Likelihood of mechanistic roles for dopaminergic, serotonergic and glutamatergic receptors in tardive dyskinesia:A comparison of genetic variants in two independent patient populations

Objectives: An established theory for the pathogenesis of tardive dyskinesia is disturbed dopaminergic receptor sensitivity and/or dopaminergic intracellular signaling. We examined associations between genetic variants of neurotransmitter receptors and tardive dyskinesia. Methods: We assessed tardive dyskinesia in Caucasian psychiatric inpatients from Siberia (N = 431) and a long-stay population from the Netherlands (N = 168). These patients were genotyped for 43 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms in five neurotransmitter receptor genes, and the results for the two populations were compared. Results: Several significant associations with tardive dyskinesia were identified, but only GRIN2A (rs1345423) was found in both patient populations. This lack of agreement was probably due to the small effect size of the associations, the multiple testing and the small sample size of the Dutch patient population. After reviewing the literature, we propose that the constitutive stimulatory activity of serotonergic type 2 receptors may be relevant. Conclusions: Inactivity of the serotonergic, type 2C receptor or blockade of these receptors by atypical antipsychotic drugs may decrease the vulnerability to develop tardive dyskinesia