Evidence and Implications of Zipf’s Law for Integrated Economies

This paper considers the distribution of output and productive factors among members of a fully integrated economy (FIE). We demonstrate that each member’s shares of total output and of total factors will be equal. This implies that growth in shares is random. If output andfactor shares evolve as reflective geometric Brownian motion, then limiting distribution of these shares will exhibit Zipf’s law. Our empirics support Zipf’s law for U.S. states and for E.U. countries. These findings imply that models characterizing growth of members within an FIE should embody a key assumption: growth process of shares is random and homogeneous.growth, economic integration, factor price equalization, Zipf’s law

Factor Mobility and the Distribution of Economic Activity in Integrated Economies: Evidence and Implications

This study examines empirically factor mobility and distribution of economic activity under economic integration, with the result that the benchmark of the equal-share relationship holds strongly for US states and less so for EU countries, but does not hold for Developing Countries or the World. Recent research (Bowen, Munandar and Viaene, 2005) shows that for a country who is a member of a fully integrated economy, its shares of the integrated economy's total output and stocks of productive factors (i.e., physical and human capital) will be equal. They label this result the equal-share relationship. In this paper, we empirically examine for evidence of the equal-share relationship for alternative economic groups (i.e., US states, EU countries, Developing Countries and a World comprising 55 countries). Our findings indicate that the equal-share relationship holds strongly for US states, less so for EU countries, but does not hold for Developing Countries or the World.Distribution of products, economic growth, economic convergence, factor mobility, economic integration, factor mobility and the distribution of economic activity in integrated economies, evidence and implications

TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP TANGGUNGJAWAB PIDANA PERBARENGAN MENURUT HUKUM POSITIF INDONESIA

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaturan macam-macam perbarengan (samenloop, concursus) tindak pidana dalam KUHP dan bagaimana sistem tanggung jawab pidana dalam perbarengan tindak pidana menurut KUHP. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normative, disimpulkan: 1. Pengaturan macam-macam perbarengan (samenloop, concursus) tindak pidana dalam KUHP, yaitu mencakup: a. perbarengan peraturan, b. perbuatan berlanjut, dan c. perbarengan perbuatan; di mana perbarengan perbuatan ini dapat lebih dirinci lagi atas: 1) perbarengan perbuatan yang semuanya merupakan kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana pokok yang sejenis (Pasal 65); 2) perbarengan perbuatan yang semuanya merupakan kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana pokok yang tidak sejenis (Pasal  66 KUHP); 3) perbarengan perbuatan yang merupakan perbarengan pelanggaran dengan kejahatan (Pasal 70 ayat (1) KUHP); 4) perbarengan perbuatan yang merupakan perbarengan pelanggaran dengan pelanggaran (Pasal 70 ayat (1) KUHP). 2. Sistem tanggung jawab pidana dalam perbarengan tindak pidana menurut KUHP, mencakup 4 (empat macam) sistem, yaitu: a. sistem absorpsi murni untuk perbarengan perbuatan dan perbuatan berlanjut; b. sistem absorpsi yang dipertajam untuk perbarengan perbuatan atas kejahatan-kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana pokok yang sejenis; c. sistem kumulasi terbatas untuk perbarengan perbuatan atas kejahatan-kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana pokok yang tidak sejenis; d. sistem kumulasi murni untuk perbarengan pelanggaran dengan pelanggaran. Tetapi, keberadaan ketentuan-ketentuan tentang perbarengan tindak pidana dalam KUHP, bukannya memberatkan pidana, melainkan cenderung lebih merupakan dasar untuk meringankan pidana dari pelaku yang melakukan beberapa tindak pidana. Kata kunci: Tinjauan Yuridis, Tanggungjawab Pidana, Perbarengan

“BE YOURSELF” (the Creation of a Music Composition)

An artistic workmanship is a creative work process of an artist in creating artworks. Artwork meant by the writer is "Be Yourself", which is related to the establishment of his self-characters that grown up in Sundanese culture. Life journey was a dynamic process and became the will of the Almighty. God's destiny and life journey made the writer as “urangsumando” (people related by marriage) in Minangkabau. Cross-cultural was a life journey to be (yourself) and the destiny he should do – being in two different culture positions. Such differences did not automatically make the writer soluble in integration – he existed in two conceptions. In the realization, how the concepts are able to deliver other offers which have contribution to the development of artistic creation. The discussion in this article is the artistic forms as the exploration, working material, and forms of performance

The elephant in the room: is misuse of Eau de Cologne the missing link in the death of Napoleon ?

The elephant in the room: is misuse of Eau de Cologne the missing link in the death of Napoleon ? Parvez I. Haris Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, E-Mail: [email protected] Conspiracy theories about Napoleon Bonaparte’s death started immediately after his death on the 5th of May 1821. A publication in Nature suggested he was murdered by arsenic poisoning due to detection of high arsenic levels in his hair [1] although this was refuted by later research. The ‘elephant in the room’ is Napoleon’s misuse of Eau de Cologne that has not been discussed in terms of its toxic effects. He consumed 2-3 bottles daily. It was rubbed on his body, poured on his head, and he drank and inhaled it as medication. After his death, Napoleon’s body was washed with Eau de Cologne [2] which contains 2-5% essential oils from citrus fruits and other plants dissolved in alcohol. Essential oils can act as endocrine disruptors [3] and many of the symptoms displayed by Napoleon can be attributed to this, including him developing breasts and having a hairless body. His suffering from seizures and feeling cold all the time can also be attributed to endocrine disrupting effects of the essential oils. Many years of exposure to excessively high concentrations of essential oil may have led him to develop gastric cancer. There are studies linking essential oil and endocrine disrupting chemicals to gastrointestinal cancer. Eau de Cologne was a double-edged sword for Napoleon. Due to its high alcohol content, its antiseptic property protected him from bacterial and viral infections during his military campaigns but the endocrine disrupting property of essential oils caused changes in his physical appearance, leading to illness and eventually death. References: [1] Forshufvud, S., Smith, H. and Wassén, A., 1961. Arsenic content of Napoleon I's hair probably taken immediately after his death. Nature, 192(4798), pp.103-105. [2] Weider, B. and Hapgood, D., 1998. The murder of Napoleon. iUniverse., pp. 4 [3] Henley, D.V., Lipson, N., Korach, K.S. and Bloch, C.A., 2007. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. New England Journal of Medicine, 356(5), pp.479-485

Occupational exposure explains the higher COVID-19 deaths amongst the Bangladeshi and Pakistani ethnic groups in the United Kingdom

Occupational exposure explains the higher COVID-19 deaths amongst the Bangladeshi and Pakistani ethnic groups in the United Kingdom Parvez I. Haris Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom, E-Mail: [email protected] COVID-19 mortality data from the UK office of National Statistics (ONS) reveals that the Bangladeshi and Pakistani communities were not only adversely affected during the first and second waves but also showed the largest increase in mortality in the second wave. In the second wave, there was a 60% reduction for black Africans (men and women) but a dramatic increase by 124% and 97% for men and women from Pakistani ethnicity, respectively. As yet, this alarming increase in deaths during the second wave has not been explained although multiple factors are likely to have been responsible. The Bangladeshi and Pakistani ethnic groups suffered economically due to the lockdown as a large proportion of the people from these communities’ own restaurants and takeaways and also work in this sector. To support this badly affected sector, a “eat out to help out” scheme was introduced by the government with the price of meals discounted by 50%. This was a great incentive for the businesses and the community to generate income and also for the public to enjoy meals at discounted prices during the summer of 2020. During the period of the scheme, long queues were seen outside restaurants throughout the country, especially in areas with a high concentration of Bangladeshis and Pakistanis. People from these ethnicities have the highest percentage of people working in the sector that was most directly connected to the “eat out to help out” scheme. According to the ONS data, over 30% of Bangladeshis and Pakistanis work in the distribution, hotels and restaurants sector. This is two-fold higher compared to the Black ethnic group and it is also higher than any other ethnic groups. Furthermore, the Bangladeshis and Pakistanis have the highest percentage of people (17.8%) working in the transport and communication sector compared to the Black ethnic group (11.1%). This category of workers, especially taxi and mini-cab drivers, would have been more active during the “eat out to help out” scheme taking customers to and from restaurants. Small kitchens in restaurants and fast-food outlets were packed with staff serving unusually high number customers taking advantage of heavily discounted meals. Wearing masks, at least properly with the nose and mouth fully covered, in a hot kitchen environment, during busy periods and over several hours of continuous work, is unlikely to have been easy. Social distancing in a kitchen environment is virtually impossible due to space limitation and the need to move around. Furthermore, the ventilation systems in kitchens vary widely and may not have been adequate enough to eliminate virus-laden water droplets exhaled by the restaurant workers. Exposure of virus between workers and customers is likely to have been higher during the “eat out to help out scheme” compared to other periods. All of this may have created an ideal environment for the transmission of the virus between restaurant workers and customers and thereafter being transmitted to family members and others in the community. In the UK, 43.9% of the Black ethnic group work in the public administration, education and health sectors. In contrast, 25.2% of Bangladeshis and Pakistanis work in this sector. The decrease in COVID-19 deaths amongst the Black ethnic groups (both Black African and Black Caribbean) during the second wave is probably due to the fact that a greater percentage of them work in the more well-regulated and financially well supported sectors such as the NHS and education sectors, where risk assessment and adherence to COVID-19 health and safety measures were strongly implemented, especially after the first wave. In contrast, small businesses such as restaurants, which many Bangladeshi and Pakistanis either own and/or work in, may not have sufficient resources for implementing strict health and safety measures such as social distancing, for example in a small kitchen with 5-6 people working in close contact to each other for many hours for 6-7 days a week. This difference in employment environment of Blacks, compared to Bangladeshis and Pakistanis, may explain why the COVID-19 mortality decreased for the Blacks in the second wave but increased for Bangladeshis and Pakistanis. Taxi and mini-cab drivers were badly affected by COVID-19. During the “eat out to help out” this sector will have been very busy taking passengers to and from restaurants. Thus a combination of working in restaurants and driving taxis may explain the higher mortality from COVID-19 in Bangladeshi and Pakistanis and this increased substantially in the second wave due to higher activity in these sectors caused by the “eat out to help out” incentive. To conclude, the key factor responsible for the higher COVID-19 deaths in the Bangladeshi and Pakistani communities is due to higher risk of exposure to the virus as they have higher percentage of people working in restaurants, takeaways and driving taxis and mini-cabs. The frequency and dose of exposure to the virus is likely to be high due to duration of time spent in overcrowded kitchens, taxis and mini-cabs. The well intentioned “eat out to help out” scheme turned out to be an opportunity for making more money for businesses and their staff as well as greater enjoyment for the customers but it created an ideal environment for exposure to COVID-19. Adequate risk assessment and necessary support is needed to protect the health and safety of workers and customers in restaurants, fast-food outlets and those working as taxi and mini-cab drivers. This is particularly urgent as prevention strategies, such as wearing of masks and social distancing, are lifted from 19 July 2021

Analisis Makna pada Status BBM (Blackberry Messenger) Di Kalangan Remaja: Tinjauan Semantik

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan (1) jenis makna pada status BBM (BlackBerry Messenger) di kalangan remaja dan (2) makna kalimat yang terkandung dalam status BBM (BlackBerry Messenger) di kalangan remaja. Objek penelitian ini adalah status BBM (BlackBerry Messenger) di kalangan remaja, sedangkan subjek penelitian mengenai analisis makna dengan menggunakan tinjauan semantik. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik simak dan catat. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa kalimat pada status BBM di kalangan remaja. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah aplikasi BBM. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan metode padan referensial. Hasil penelitian ini ada 2 yaitu (1) ditemukan 14 jenis makna antara lain, makna sempit (49 bentuk), makna luas (73 bentuk), makna kognitif (157 bentuk), makna konotatif (46 bentuk), makna emotif (90 bentuk), makna referensial (3 bentuk), makna konstruksi (9 bentuk), makna leksikal (490 bentuk), makna gramatikal (49 bentuk), makna idesional (13 bentuk), makna proposisi (2 bentuk), makna pusat (50 bentuk), makna piktorial (4 bentuk), dan makna idiomatik (5 bentuk). (2) Hasil dari menganalisis ungkapan makna pada kalimat status BBM (BlackBerry Messenger) di kalangan remaja tersebut diharapkan dapat memberi pemahaman mengenai isi serta tujuan yang terkandung di dalamnya. Sehingga, tidak terjadi kesalahpahaman dalam mengartikan makna yang ingin disampaikan penulis

Implikatur Percakapan Dalam Wacana Kartun Si Jujun Pada Media Masa Cetak Koran Solopos Edisi Januari Sampai Maret 2015

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan (1) Implikatur percakapan apa sajakah yang ada dalam wacana kartun Si Jujun pada koran Solopos edisi Januari sampai Maret 2015, dan (2) Fungsi penggunaan implikatur dalam wacana kartun Si Jujun pada koran Solopos edisi Januari sampai Maret 2015. Penelitian ini berbentuk kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Sumber data berupa dokumen, yaitu surat kabar koran Solopos edisi Januari sampai Maret 2015 dengan data sejumlah 29 wacana. Objek penelitian ini yaitu implikatur dan fungsi implikatur dalam wacana kartun Si Jujun. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan analisis dokumen, sedangkan validitas uji dengan menggunakan trianggulasi teoretis dan teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode agih dan padaan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa implikatur yang terdapat dalam wacana kartun Si Jujun sebagai berikut: 1) gabungan kritik dan sindiran, 2) abungan pernyataan dan sindiran, 3) gabungan perintah dan sindiran, 4) gabungan pernyataan dan kritik, 5) gabungan dukungan dan sindiran, 6) pernyataan, 7) gabungan pernyaan dan humor, 8) gabungan sindiran dan humor, dan 9) gabungan ajakan dan sindiran. Fungsi yang terdapat dalam wacana kartun Si Jujun sebagai berikut: 1) fungsi menyindir dan mengkritik pemerintah dengan menggunakan bahasa humor, 2) fungsi mengkritik dan menyindir pemerintahan di Indonesia, 3) fungsi menyatakan dengan menggunakan bahasa humor mengenai jatuhnya pesawat, 4) fungsi menyatakan dan menyindir terhadap pemerintah, 5) fungsi menyatakan kecelakaan pesawat, kelangkaan gas dan hebohnya batu akik, 6) fungsi mengajak pihak tertentu dan menyindir pemerintah tetapi dengan menggunakan bahasa humor, 7) fungsi menyuruh seseorang melakukan suatu hal dan menyindir pemerintah, 8) fungsi untuk menyatakan dan mengkritik pemerintah tentang kasus korupsi, dan 9) fungsi memberikan dukungan terhadap suatu pihak dan menyindir pemerintah

Analisis Gaya Bahasa Dan Pesan-Pesan Pada Lirik Lagu Peterpan Dalam Album Bintang Di Surga

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan: (1) gaya bahasa yang terdapat pada lirik lagu Peterpan dalam album Bintang di Surga; (2) gaya bahasa yang paling dominan digunakan pada lirik lagu Peterpan dalam album Bintang di Surga; (3) pesan-pesan yang ingin disampaikan penyair pada lirik lagu Peterpan dalam album Bintang di Surga. Jenis pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa kata-kata yang terdapat pada sepuluh lirik lagu Peterpan dalam album Bintang di Surga. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dengan mendengarkan dengan seksama lagu Peterpan dalam album Bintang di Surga atau dengan cara mencari lirik lagu tersebut di internet dari situs yang dapat dipercaya. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik baca catat dan kepustakaan. Teori validitas data menggunakan teknik triangulasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan model analisis interaktif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan: pada lirik lagu Peterpan dalam Album Bintang di Surga digunakan beberapa gaya bahasa yaitu (a) perbandingan meliputi hiperbol, personifikasi, perumpamaan (simile), dan sinekdoke; (b) perulangan meliputi anafora; (c) pertentangan meliputi antitesis dan oksimoron; (d) penegasan meliputi epifora dan repetisi. Gaya bahasa yang paling dominan dipakai adalah hiperbol sebanyak 20 buah. Pesan-pesan yang ingin disampaikan pengarang lewat lirik lagu Peterpan dalam Album Bintang di Surga adalah (a)“Ada Apa Denganmu” yaitu ketulusan seseorang yang meminta maaf kepada orang lain; (b) “Mungkin Nanti” yaitu pentingnya sebuah kesetiaan menjaga rasa cinta selamanya; (c)“Khayalan Tingkat Tinggi” yaitu khayalan seseorang terhadap orang yang dia suka kepada seseorang namun tak dapat mengungkapkan kepada seseorang; (d)“Di Belakangku” yaitu kecurigaan seorang kekasih terhadap pasangannya yang melakukan suatu hal; (e)“Kukatakan Dengan Indah” yaitu jangan salah mengartikan sikap seseorang; (f)“Dua Dalam Satu Dunia (2DSD)” yaitu rasa sedih yang teramat dalam terhadap suatu hal yang di alami; (g)“Di Atas Normal” yaitu ketulusan seseorang yang mencintai kekasihnya walaupun sudah disakiti tetap saja dia mencarinya walaupun usahanya akan siasia; (h)“Aku” yaitu jangan lupakan jasa seseorang yang telah membimbing kita; (i)“Masa Lalu Tertinggal” yaitu seseorang yang menjalani hidupnya seperti roda yang berputar yang kadang di atas kadang di bawah, kadang senang dan susah; (j)“Bintang di Surga” yaitu pengarang berusaha menyampaikan tentang keangkuhan seseorang semua hal yang dilakukannya sia-sia

Pemilihan Fluida Pendingin pada Mesin Pendingin Ikan (Freezer) Kapasitas 1 Ton

Upaya manusia untuk menghasilkan kehidupan yang layak dan lebih baik terutama dalam perkembangan teknologi, terutamamengenai Mesin PendinginIkan (FREEZER) yang menggunakanfluidakerja yang ditargetkanakanmenjadifluida yang lebihbaikdarisebelumnyaadalah musicool(MC-134) dengan RefrigeranHalokarbon(R-134a), dimana akan dibandingkan teori dasar dari refrigeran, yaitu COP (Coefficient of Performance), Efek Refrigasi serta Kerja Kompressor.Hasil yang didapat adalah kelayakan Hidrokarbon sebagai Fluida pendingin yang baik, ramah lingkungan dan aman