7th International Workshop on the Molecular Biology and Genetics of the Lepidoptera: August 20–26, 2006 Orthodox Academy of Crete, Kolympari, Crete, Greece

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Genetic diversity of streptococci and lactobacilli isolated from Comté cheeses produced in 2 local areas

National audienc

Feedback on Terrorist Attacks on November 13, 2015. Organization of Reinforcements by Provinces Medical Emergency Services

International audienceThe Parisian terrorist attacks of last November 13, 2015 highlighted the need for a structured organization of the answer of the health system in which out-of-hospital emergency medicine occupies a dominating place. In addition to the Ile-de-France organization, bordering medical emergency services quickly engaged reinforcements, in order to make safe the medical answer on the assumption of an increase in the number of victims. This operational strategy rests at the preestablished plans which are recommended to be updated on the basis of mutual assistance more formalized between the emergency medical services, mainly in the provinces where the medical teams are fewers

Ladder Polyether Synthesis via Epoxide-Opening Cascades Directed by a Disappearing Trimethylsilyl Group

Epoxide-opening cascades offer the potential to construct complex polyether natural products expeditiously and in a manner that emulates the biogenesis proposed for these compounds. Herein we provide a full account of our development of a strategy that addresses several important challenges of such cascades. The centerpiece of the method is a trimethylsilyl (SiMe[subscript 3]) group that serves several purposes and leaves no trace of itself by the time the cascade has come to an end. The main function of the SiMe[subscript 3] group is to dictate the regioselectivity of epoxide opening. This strategy is the only general method of effecting endo-selective cascades under basic conditions.Johnson & Johnson (Fellowship)Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (Fellowship)US-UK Fulbright Commissio

The Tree of Life

International audienceThe tree of life, representing the evolution and the relationships between all life-forms, has challenged scientists as soon as Darwin’s work became accepted. A fuel for imagination for a long time, it became more concrete after the molecular biology revolution and the application of mathematical tools to quantify sequence evolution. Despite tremendous advances fueled by the continuous progress in DNA sequencing, from PCR to metagenomics, and in algorithms for phylogenetic reconstruction, many fundamental questions remain still open in the tree of life topology. The biggest of them all would currently be the relationship between Archaea and Eukarya: while some authors argue that they are sister groups (the Woese tree), others state that the latter emerged from the former (the eocyte tree). The tree of life and its subsequent questions are definitely complex objects to comprehend. Evolution states that in order to fully understand life, one has to first know its history, and this mantra should apply here as well. We thus decided to focus in this chapter on the recent history of the tree of life, from its entry into phylogenetics in the 1970s to the recent identification of Asgard archaea and the controversies they have brought. We also briefly discuss the position of the viruses in the tree of life and how their analysis is helpful to understand their host evolution