Chloroleucon chacӧense (Leguminosae): A Study on Morphometry of Fruits and Seeds, Germinability and Development of Seedlings

Abstract The dehiscent legumes of Chloroleucon chacöense (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) are highly predated. The seeds of an intermediate type (neither orthodox, nor recalcitrant) remain in latency until the rainy station start can germinate efficiently when are imbibed 36 h in water before the sown, reaching similar % than those treated with sand paper or sulphuric acid. The seeds lose their germinability when are treated with warm water, perhaps because it kills the embryo. The seedlings are developed in a high percentage (92%) although they do not receive scarification treatments. The scarified seeds increase their weight more than the no scarified, as the Baskin Index denotes. The ANOVA and MTG show that the mechanical and chemical treatments allow the seeds to germinate till 24 h since the sown. The "t" test highlights that the no scarified seeds exhibit high difference of weight only at 24 h since the sown; perhaps the seeds need that lapse of time to imbibe to start the germination. Between the unhealthy seeds, those with arrested development constitute a high percentage, and perhaps some problems in the reproductive system exist. The germination is epigeal, phanerocotyledonar, with photosynthesizing cotyledons, and the seedlings have two sub-opposite protophylls (one pinnate, the other bipinnate) and two or more alternate, bipinnate eophylls. This fact implies that the classification commonly used does not cover the variability existent in the Leguminosae. Studies are needed to elucidate the origin of the low density of individuals because the species is included in the RED BOOK

Overview of the PALM model system 6.0

In this paper, we describe the PALM model system 6.0. PALM (formerly an abbreviation for Parallelized Largeeddy Simulation Model and now an independent name) is a Fortran-based code and has been applied for studying a variety of atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers for about 20 years. The model is optimized for use on massively parallel computer architectures. This is a follow-up paper to the PALM 4.0 model description in Maronga et al. (2015). During the last years, PALM has been significantly improved and now offers a variety of new components. In particular, much effort was made to enhance the model with components needed for applications in urban environments, like fully interactive land surface and radiation schemes, chemistry, and an indoor model. This paper serves as an overview paper of the PALM 6.0 model system and we describe its current model core. The individual components for urban applications, case studies, validation runs, and issues with suitable input data are presented and discussed in a series of companion papers in this special issue

Chloroleucon chacoense (Leguminosae): A Study on Morphometry of Fruits and Seeds, Germinability and Development of Seedlings

The dehiscent legumes of Chloroleucon chacöense (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae)are highly predated. The seeds of an intermediate type (neither orthodox, nor recalcitrant) remain in latency until the rainy station start can germinate efficiently when are imbibed 36 h in water before the sown, reaching similar % than those treated with sand paper or sulphuric acid. The seeds lose their germinability when are treated with warm water, perhaps because it kills the embryo. The seedlings are developed in a high percentage (92%) although they do not receive scarification treatments.The scarified seeds increase their weight more than the no scarified, as theBaskin Index denotes. The ANOVA and MTG show that the mechanical and chemicaltreatments allow the seeds to germinate till 24 h since the sown. The ?t? test highlights that the no scarified seeds exhibit high difference of weight only at 24 h since the sown; perhaps the seeds need that lapse of time to imbibe to start the germination.Between the unhealthy seeds, those with arrested development constitute a highpercentage, and perhaps some problems in the reproductive system exist. The germination is epigeal, phanerocotyledonar, with photosynthesizing cotyledons, and the seedlings have two sub-opposite protophylls (one pinnate, the other bipinnate) and two or more alternate, bipinnate eophylls. This fact implies that the classification commonly used does not cover the variability existent in the Leguminosae. Studies are needed to elucidate the origin of the low density of individuals because the species is included in the RED BOOK.Fil: Zapater Cano, María Alicia. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Hoc, Patricia Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; ArgentinaFil: Lozano, E. C.. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Flores, C. B.. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Mamaní, Cecilia Magdalena. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Gil, M. N.. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Sühring, P. S.. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; Argentin

Building-resolving large-eddy simulations for entire Berlin (Germany) – first results using the high-performance urban microscale model PALM-4U

Due to the increasing number of people living and/or working in dense urban environments, the importance of city planning in consideration of human health and comfort has been continuously growing. Health and comfort factors such as thermal comfort, air quality, ventilation and UV exposure, must be considered in a future-oriented development of urban regions. For decision support, urban climate models (UCM) are applied to model the effects of existing and planned building distributions, facade and city greening, etc., based on the above mentioned factors. A highly-efficient microscale UCM, PALM-4U, has been developed allowing simulations of large cities with grid-resolved buildings and vegetation canopy, which consider a large variety of processes important for urban environments. PALM-4U is part of the PALM model system (http://palm-model.org), which is based on the large-eddy simulation code PALM. While there exist numerous UCMs that have been used for over two decades and which are well established in the scientific community, they are difficult to adapt to state-of-the-art parallel computer systems and thus often have limitations in either performance and/or possible number of grid points. PALM-4U is able to compute entire city environments like Berlin (about 1 700 km²) at building-resolving grid spacing (here 10 m) on massively parallel computers, where limitations are mainly imposed by the available computational resources. It offers several features required in urban environments, such as an energy balance solver for urban and natural surfaces, radiative transfer in the urban canopy layer, chemical reactions, biometeorological analysis products, and self-nesting to allow high resolution (e.g. 1 m) in regions of special interest. In this presentation we will focus on an overview of PALM-4U's current and planned capabilities for application in urban environments. Besides, we will demonstrate PALM-4U's performance and features based on microscale building-resolving large-eddy simulation of entire Berlin (Germany, 1700 km²) at a grid spacing of 10 m, with a nested domain of size of 1 km² at a grid spacing of 1 m. The simulation spans a simulated period of a full diurnal cycle during a selected heat wave period and is characterized by low geostrophic winds and a strong solar forcing during daytime. General features of the simulation will be visualized. This presentation is intended to be the first in a series of presentations that all have a more specific focus on single features of PALM-4U and for which abstracts are submitted separately. In this overview talk we will thus focus on the more general features of the simulation