Immunohistochemical Expression of Bcl-2 in Endometrial Carcinoma and Its Correlation with Hormone Receptor Status and Transforming Growth Factor

Endometrial carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the female genital tract with increasing incidence in developed countries. In the era of targeted therapy immunohistochemical markers plays an important role in the treatment and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES : To study the immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2 in endometrial carcinoma. To study the correlation of Bcl-2 expression with hormone receptor status and transforming growth factor receptor in endometrial carcinoma. METHODS: 59 cases of endometrial carcinoma reported between the period from January 2010 to December 2014 in the department of pathology of this institute were considered in the study. Immunohistochemical staining for Bcl- 2, ER, PR, Her 2/neu were done.Bcl-2 expression was correlated with ER, PR and Her 2/ neu receptor expression. RESULTS : Bcl-2 expression was seen in 38 out of 59 cases ( 64.4%) . Bcl-2 was mostly expressed in 85.71% of grade I tumors and 75.75% of stage I tumors . Estrogen receptor was positive in 33 cases ( 55.9%) and Progesterone receptor was positive in 44 cases ( 74.57%) .Grade I tumors showed 71.4% and 94.28% positivity of estrogen and progesterone receptor respectively. ER, PR were positive in 63.3% and 84.8% of stage I tumors respectively. Both ER, PR negative in high grade , non- endometrioid and advanced stage of endometrial carcinomas .Her 2 neu receptor was positive in 6 cases ( 10.1%) , all four type II tumors were showed Her2/new expression. 100 % of grade III tumors , 80 % of stage III and all stage IV tumors were Her 2 neu receptor positive. Conclusion : From our study we inferred estrogen , progesterone receptor and Bcl-2 were positive in grade I and stage I tumors . Bcl-2 expression is directly proportional to estrogen and progesterone receptors. Her 2 neu receptors were expressed in high grade and advanced stage tumors . There was an inverse correlation between ER, PR , Bcl-2 and Her 2 neu receptors expression in endometrial carcinomas included in the study

Performance Analysis of a Retrial Queueing System with Optional Service, Unreliable Server, Balking and Feedback

This paper considers a Markovian retrial queueing system with an optional service, unreliable server, balking and feedback. An arriving customer can avail of immediate service if the server is free. If the potential customer encounters a busy server, it may either join the orbit or balk the system. The customers may retry their request for service from the orbit after a random amount of time. Each customer gets the First Essential Service (FES). After the completion of FES, the customers may seek the Second Optional Service (SOS) or leave the system. In the event of unforeseen circumstances, the server may encounter a breakdown, at which point an immediate repair process will be initiated. After the service completion, the customer may leave the system or re-join the orbit if not satisfied and demand regular service as feedback. In this investigation, the stationary queue size distributions are framed using a recursive approach. Various system performance measures are derived. The effects induced by the system parameters on the performance metrics are numerically and graphically analysed

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Uropathogenic Bacteria in RMMC Hospital of Chidambaram

Background: In every year millions of people were affected by the Urinary Tract Infection. It was creating a serious health issue. Aim: The present study was to analysis of the uropathogenic bacteria in patients were attended RMMC Hospital and their antibiotic resistance pattern, in vitro detection of haemolysis virulent factor of uropathogenic. Material and Methods: All urine samples were tested by the standard microbiological procedure. Kirby-Bauer method used for the Antibiotic Susceptibility Test according to the CLSI guidelines. Commercially available antibiotics were used. Blood Agar used for the detection of haemolysis. Results: A total of 261 urine samples were included in this study. We isolated a total of 103 positive cultures. 12% of Gram-positive, 83% of Gram-negative bacteria and 3% of Candida fungi. Escherichia coli was the most predominant bacteria (54%) followed by Klebsiella sp (15%), Staphylococcus aureus (12%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%), Proteus (1%) and fungi Candida (3%). Mostly female patients’ sample were analysed and the inpatient higher majority than the outpatients. Conclusion: Escherichia coli are the common bacteria to cause of UTI. Nowadays most of the uropathogens are to resistance to the overall antibiotics. This kind of reactions creating the life-threatening of humans. Keywords: Antibiotic, Antibiotic Susceptibility Test, Uropathogens, Resistance, Haemolysi

Antioxidant Properties of Papayasayanam Extract of Carica papaya Stem Straw

Medicinal plants used in the traditional medicine are well-known significant sources of natural antioxidants. Antioxidants are compounds which inhibit the oxidation and in general prolong the life of the oxidizable matter. Majority of the diseases are predominantly linked to oxidative stress due to free radicals. The free radicals are species with very short half-life, high reactivity and damaging activity towards macromolecules like proteins, DNA and lipids. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of Papayasayanam extract of Carica papaya stem straw. The results of the present research has showed that the Papayasayanam extract of Carica papaya stem straw has highest hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and reducing power activity when compared to control Ascorbic acid. So, these results indicated that the Papayasayanam extract of Carica papaya stem straw exhibited free radical scavenging activity against hydrogen peroxide and reducing power. Therefore, the papayasayanam extract of Carica papaya stem straw could be a potential source of natural remediates that would have great importance as therapeutic agents. Keywords: Medicinal plants, Carica papaya, Therapeutic agents and Natural remediates

Cluster randomised controlled trial of a peer-led lifestyle intervention program: study protocol for the Kerala diabetes prevention program.

BACKGROUND: India currently has more than 60 million people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and this is predicted to increase by nearly two-thirds by 2030. While management of those with T2DM is important, preventing or delaying the onset of the disease, especially in those individuals at 'high risk' of developing T2DM, is urgently needed, particularly in resource-constrained settings. This paper describes the protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial of a peer-led lifestyle intervention program to prevent diabetes in Kerala, India. METHODS/DESIGN: A total of 60 polling booths are randomised to the intervention arm or control arm in rural Kerala, India. Data collection is conducted in two steps. Step 1 (Home screening): Participants aged 30-60 years are administered a screening questionnaire. Those having no history of T2DM and other chronic illnesses with an Indian Diabetes Risk Score value of ≥60 are invited to attend a mobile clinic (Step 2). At the mobile clinic, participants complete questionnaires, undergo physical measurements, and provide blood samples for biochemical analysis. Participants identified with T2DM at Step 2 are excluded from further study participation. Participants in the control arm are provided with a health education booklet containing information on symptoms, complications, and risk factors of T2DM with the recommended levels for primary prevention. Participants in the intervention arm receive: (1) eleven peer-led small group sessions to motivate, guide and support in planning, initiation and maintenance of lifestyle changes; (2) two diabetes prevention education sessions led by experts to raise awareness on T2DM risk factors, prevention and management; (3) a participant handbook containing information primarily on peer support and its role in assisting with lifestyle modification; (4) a participant workbook to guide self-monitoring of lifestyle behaviours, goal setting and goal review; (5) the health education booklet that is given to the control arm. Follow-up assessments are conducted at 12 and 24 months. The primary outcome is incidence of T2DM. Secondary outcomes include behavioural, psychosocial, clinical, and biochemical measures. An economic evaluation is planned. DISCUSSION: Results from this trial will contribute to improved policy and practice regarding lifestyle intervention programs to prevent diabetes in India and other resource-constrained settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12611000262909

Webometrics benefitting from web mining? An investigation of methods and applications of two research fields

Webometrics and web mining are two fields where research is focused on quantitative analyses of the web. This literature review outlines definitions of the fields, and then focuses on their methods and applications. It also discusses the potential of closer contact and collaboration between them. A key difference between the fields is that webometrics has focused on exploratory studies, whereas web mining has been dominated by studies focusing on development of methods and algorithms. Differences in type of data can also be seen, with webometrics more focused on analyses of the structure of the web and web mining more focused on web content and usage, even though both fields have been embracing the possibilities of user generated content. It is concluded that research problems where big data is needed can benefit from collaboration between webometricians, with their tradition of exploratory studies, and web miners, with their tradition of developing methods and algorithms