Effects of enhanced downwelling of NOx on Antarctic upper-stratospheric ozone in the 21st century

Ozone is expected to fully recover from the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) era by the end of the 21st century. Furthermore, because of anthropogenic climate change, a cooler stratosphere decelerates ozone loss reactions and is projected to lead to a super recovery of ozone. We investigate the ozone distribution over the 21st century with four different future scenarios using simulations of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). At the end of the 21st century, the equatorial upper stratosphere has roughly 0.5 to 1.0 ppm more ozone in the scenario with the highest greenhouse gas emissions compared to the conservative scenario. Polar ozone levels exceed those in the pre-CFC era in scenarios that have the highest greenhouse gas emissions. This is true in the Arctic stratosphere and the Antarctic lower stratosphere. The Antarctic upper stratosphere is an exception, where different scenarios all have similar levels of ozone during winter, which do not exceed pre-CFC levels. Our results show that this is due to excess nitrogen oxides (NOx) descending faster from above in the stronger scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions. NOx in the polar thermosphere and upper mesosphere is mainly produced by energetic electron precipitation (EEP) and partly by solar UV via transport from low latitudes. Our results indicate that the thermospheric/upper mesospheric NOx will be important factor for the future Antarctic ozone evolution and could potentially prevent a super recovery of ozone in the upper stratosphere

EDITORIAL AND OTHER ESSAYS

“Trauma and Memory”. Editor in chief David Meghnagi. Trauma and Memory is an international on-line magazine recently set up thanks to support from the Fondazione Europa Ricerca Onlus [European Research Foundation]. The magazine is published under the aegis of the Department of Educational Sciences, the international Colloquium “Between the East and the West”, the International Masters on Holocaust Studies and the Roma Tre University’s Laboratory of Clinical Psychology and Applied Psychoanalysis. The magazine is the result of cooperation between a group of colleagues belonging to different scientific areas that led to the creation of a European university course on the remembrance of the Shoah in its many aspects. The initiative addressed at publishing a magazine centred on the subject of the passing down of individual and collective remembrance with its many aspects was greeted positively by many scholars of different disciplines and by our colleagues at the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), as well as other professional associations. “Trauma and Memory” has been characterise by a strong psychoanalytical imprint, but with an interdisciplinary vocation also aimed at establishing a dialogue on individual and collective remembrance. The psychological subjects at the centre of the debate in the magazine’s next issues will include psychological trauma and resilience processes, mourning processes and melancholy, the treatment of traumatised patients, as well as the psychotherapeutic approach to Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome. Within a social framework we will analyse in depth research on the remembrance of the Shoah and contemporary genocides, interaction between history, culture, art, literature and memory, as well as the psychodynamics of anti-Semitism, racism and xenophobia, including psychological and social research concerning the victims of terrorism. In this first number, the magazine hosts three articles on the work of Primo Levi, a great witness-author of the 20th century’s most tragic event. There are also two essays, one on the traumatization process, experienced by tens of thousands of children in Finland during World War II, and the other a sociologic essay on Sweden’s education system. The section devoted to book reviews includes an article on criminal and mafia-related psychology

Extended materials and methods and additional results to 'Geodiversity data for Europe'

Supplementary file includes geodiversity source data details and maps (Appendix 1), extended information on geodiversity calculation (Appendix 2), results on European geodiversity at 10-km resolution (Appendix 3), geodiversity maps for Finland at 1-km resolution (Appendix 4), and geodiversity maps for Switzerland at 10-km resolution (Appendix 5)