The influence of additives on the current carrying capacity of bulk YBa2Cu3OX

We studied the influence of using different powders and several additives on the shaping process and critical current density of sintered bulk YBa2Cu3OX. It was found that all additives used facilitated the shaping process. Silver and most organic additives influenced the critical current density only little, Zinc reduced it to zero, but an ethylenebisstearoylamide compound doubled the critical current density as compared to samples without additives

First principles modelling of magnesium titanium hydrides

Mixing Mg with Ti leads to a hydride Mg(x)Ti(1-x)H2 with markedly improved (de)hydrogenation properties for x < 0.8, as compared to MgH2. Optically, thin films of Mg(x)Ti(1-x)H2 have a black appearance, which is remarkable for a hydride material. In this paper we study the structure and stability of Mg(x)Ti(1-x)H2, x= 0-1 by first-principles calculations at the level of density functional theory. We give evidence for a fluorite to rutile phase transition at a critical composition x(c)= 0.8-0.9, which correlates with the experimentally observed sharp decrease in (de)hydrogenation rates at this composition. The densities of states of Mg(x)Ti(1-x)H2 have a peak at the Fermi level, composed of Ti d states. Disorder in the positions of the Ti atoms easily destroys the metallic plasma, however, which suppresses the optical reflection. Interband transitions result in a featureless optical absorption over a large energy range, causing the black appearance of Mg(x)Ti(1-x)H2.Comment: 22 pages, 9 figures, 4 table

MODELING OF A METHANE FUELLED DIRECT CARBON FUEL CELL SYSTEM

ABSTRACT Energy conversion today is subject to high thermodynamic losses. About 50 to 90 % of the exergy of primary fuels is lost during conversion into power or heat. The fast increasing world energy demand makes a further increase of conversion efficiencies inevitable. The substantial thermodynamic losses (exergy losses of 20 to 30 %) of thermal fuel conversion will limit future improvements of power plant efficiencies. Electrochemical conversion of fuel enables fuel conversion with minimum losses. Various fuel cell systems have been investigated at the Delft University of Technology during the past twenty years. It appeared that exergy analyses can be very helpful in understanding the extent and causes of thermodynamic losses in fuel cell systems. More than 50 % of the losses in high temperature fuel cell (MCFC and SOFC) systems can be caused by heat transfer. Therefore system optimisation must focus on reducing the need for heat transfer as well as improving the conditions for the unavoidable heat transfer. Various options for reducing the need for heat transfer are discussed in this paper. High temperature fuel cells, eventually integrated into gas turbine processes, can replace the combustion process in future power plants. High temperature fuel cells will be necessary to obtain conversion efficiencies up to 80 % in case of large scale electricity production in the future. The introduction of fuel cells is considered to be a first step in the integration of electrochemical conversion in future energy conversion systems. Keywords: Fuel cell systems; Exergy analysis; Thermodynamic analysis; System modelling; Cycle Tempo; PEMFC; MCFC; SOFC; Applications INTRODUCTION Today our world strongly depends on the availability of energy for almost all of their activities. Total energy demand is growing fast, in particular due to the development of the large Asian countries. To ensure our future energy supply the losses of energy conversion have to be reduced and the utilisation of available sources, in particular renewable sources, should be stimulated. Conversion of primary fuels into electricity, power, heat or secondary fuels is necessary to fulfil our energy demands. These conversions are involved with substantial thermodynamic losses. These losses should be presented as exergy losses to get a true representation of the thermodynamic performance of conversion systems. Exergy is the potential to obtain work from an amount of energy or from an energy flow; exergy values do represent a true yardstick for all relevant thermodynamic characteristics Exergy efficiencies are some percentage points lower than thermal efficiencies (based on the lower heating value of the fuel) in case of the conversion of primary energy into power. As thermal efficiencies of less than 50 % are normal practice exergy losses will on average be higher than 50 %. Thermal efficiencies are in general high (around 90 % or more) in case of heat generating systems, but exergy efficiencies are much lower depending on the temperature level at which i

The influenza A virus NS1 protein binds small interfering RNAs and suppresses RNA silencing in plants

RNA silencing comprises a set of sequence-specific RNA degradation pathways that occur in a wide range of eukaryotes, including animals, fungi and plants. A hallmark of RNA silencing is the presence of small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs). The siRNAs are generated by cleavage of larger double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) and provide the sequence specificity for degradation of cognate RNA molecules. In plants, RNA silencing plays a key role in developmental processes and in control of virus replication. It has been shown that many plant viruses encode proteins, denoted RNA silencing suppressors, that interfere with this antiviral response. Although RNA silencing has been shown to occur in vertebrates, no relationship with inhibition of virus replication has been demonstrated to date. Here we show that the NS1 protein of human influenza A virus has an RNA silencing suppression activity in plants, similar to established RNA silencing suppressor proteins of plant viruses. In addition, NS1 was shown to be capable of binding siRNAs. The data presented here fit with a potential role for NS1 in counteracting innate antiviral responses in vertebrates by sequestering siRNAs

Using differential reinforcement of high rates of behavior to improve work productivity : a replication and extension

Background: Due to deficits in adaptive and cognitive functioning, productivity may pose challenges for individuals with intellectual disability in the workplace.Method: Using a changing‐criterion embedded in a multiple baseline across partici‐pants design, we examined the effects of differential reinforcement of high rates of behaviour (DRH) on the rate of data entry (i.e., productivity) in four adults with intel‐lectual disability.Results: Although the DRH procedure increased the rate of correct data entry in all four participants, none of the participants achieved the criterion that we set with novice undergraduate students.Conclusions: Our results indicate that DRH is an effective intervention to increase rate of correct responding in individuals with intellectual disability, but that achiev‐ing the same productivity as workers without disability may not always be possible

Process, improvisation, holarchic learning loops and all that jazz: experiences in transdisciplinary education for sustainable development

This paper explores the experiences of an ‘Interdisciplinary Sustainability Assessment Laboratory’ (‘ISA Lab’) workshop, which took place over a week at Universitat Politècnica de València during April 2017. The workshop drew together students from a range of disciplines from across engineering and science, law and the social sciences and from a range of countries and backgrounds, including North and South America, Europe and Asia. It also facilitated a rich co-creative learning environment as it was led by (engineering) academic faculty from across Europe (Spain, UK, Netherlands and Ireland) as well as North America (Canada), as well as local experts who helped provide participants with appropriate context and guidance. The workshops culminated with a number of presentations from respective student groups, where they outlined an integrated development plan for a selected real life local project

BIO-OFFSHORE: Grootschalige teelt van zeewieren in combinatie met offshore windparken in de Noordzee

This study addresses the technological feasibility of seaweed cultivation in the North Sea in combination with offshore wind parks and harvesting and conversion of seaweed biomass to renewable energy carriers and chemicals. The study also identifies stakeholders and participants for technology development and the ecological and societal conditions to fit in large-scale seaweed cultivation in the marine environment, existing marine infrastructure and functions, and (inter)national regulations and policies for the North Sea. Three seaweed species that are native in the North Sea have been selected for potential cultivation: Ulva sp. (belonging to the green macroalgae), Laminaria sp. (a brown macroalga) and Palmaria sp. (a red macroalga). Current commercial seaweed cultivation systems usually consist of (partly) anchored line structures to which the seaweeds are attached and are generally located on coastal locations. International research shows that cultivation systems in the open sea may become easily damaged by wind and wave action. An experimental ring shaped system has thus far shown the best stability for the conditions in the North Sea. However the production costs are high. Considerable system development is therefore required to enable large-scale, economically attractive cultivation of seaweeds combined with offshore wind parks. The optimal system design is unknown. This study proposes a layered system for seaweed cultivation employing the typical light absorption characteristics of green, brown and red macroalgae respectively, to enable optimal use of the available sunlight and enhance areal productivity. Without addition of nutrients the productivity in the North Sea is estimated at approx. 20 tons dry matter/ha.year. Through layered cultivation and/or addition of nutrients this can potentially be increased to ca. 50 tons dry weight /ha.year. Development of precision nutrient dosage technology is required to prevent eutrophication. Potential negative environmental impacts include: sedimentation of seaweed fragments and other organics with a negative effect on the oxygen budget in the water column, and possible negative impacts on migration of sea mammals including dolphins, porpoises and whales. Seaweed cultivation can also have positive impacts including the uptake of nutrients by the macroalgae (reducing eutrophication) and an enhancement of marine biodiversity, because the seaweeds and the cultivation systems offer substrate for attachment, shelter and feed for molluscs and fish. Indeed, the system could be managed as a nursery for young fish in order to restore fish populations in the North Sea. Integration of seaweed cultivation with other types of aquaculture e.g. cultivation of mussels or fish is a realistic option. The Dutch government target for offshore wind in 2020 is 6.000 MW installed turbine capacity. This will involve a surface area of approx. 1000 km2. The support constructions for the wind turbines can serve as a structural basis for seaweed cultivation systems. Designs must take into account the additional load on the turbine supports due to currents, wind and wave action, and accessibility of the turbines for maintenance vessels. Potential synergistic effects of the combination of offshore wind and seaweed cultivation supporting the profitability of both activities include joint management and maintenance, alternative employment opportunities for fisheries and ecological benefit