Algebras of Measurements: the logical structure of Quantum Mechanics

In Quantum Physics, a measurement is represented by a projection on some closed subspace of a Hilbert space. We study algebras of operators that abstract from the algebra of projections on closed subspaces of a Hilbert space. The properties of such operators are justified on epistemological grounds. Commutation of measurements is a central topic of interest. Classical logical systems may be viewed as measurement algebras in which all measurements commute. Keywords: Quantum measurements, Measurement algebras, Quantum Logic. PACS: 02.10.-v.Comment: Submitted, 30 page

Degradation of 2-bromo-, 2-chloro- and 2-fluorobenzoate by Pseudomonas putida CLB 250

Pseudomonas putida strain CLB 250 (DSM 5232) utilized 2-bromo-, 2-chloro- and 2-fluorobenzoate as sole source of carbon and energy. Degradation is suggested to be initiated by a dioxygenase liberating halide in the first catabolic step. After decarboxylation and rearomatization catechol is produced as a central metabolite which is degraded via the ortho-pathway. After inhibition of ring cleavage activities with 3-chlorocatechol, 2-chlorobenzoate was transformed to catechol in nearly stoichiometric amounts. Other ortho-substituted benzoates like anthranilate and 2-methoxybenzoate seem to be metabolized via the same route

Torsional-flexural buckling of unevenly battened columns under eccentrical compressive loading

In this paper, an analytical model is developed to determine the torsional-flexural buckling load of a channel column braced by unevenly distributed batten plates. Solutions of the critical-buckling loads were derived for three boundary cases using the energy method in which the rotating angle between the adjacent battens was presented in the form of a piecewise cubic Hermite interpolation (PCHI) for unequally spaced battens. The validity of the PCHI method was numerically verified by the classic analytical approach for evenly battened columns and a finite-element analysis for unevenly battened ones, respectively. Parameter studies were then performed to examine the effects of loading eccentricities on the torsional-flexural buckling capacity of both evenly and unevenly battened columns. Design parameters taken into account were the ratios of pure torsional buckling load to pure flexural–buckling load, the number and position of battens, and the ratio of the relative extent of the eccentricity. Numerical results were summarized into a series of relative curves indicating the combination of the buckling load and corresponding moments for various buckling ratios.National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under grant number (No.) 51175442 and Sichuan International Cooperation Research Project under grant No. 2014HH002

An amino acid polymorphism in histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) explains 59% of the variance in plasma HRG levels

A pedigree-based maximum likelihood method developed by Lange et al. (12) was used to study the contribution of a newly defined di-allelic polymorphism in histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) to the plasma levels of HRG. In four families (n = 99) and 20 volunteers we found a heritability of 70%, an age effect of 3% and an effect of individual environmental factors of 27%. These results are remarkably similar to the results found in a previous parent-twin study in which a heritability of 69% and an effect of random environment of 31% was found. The overall genetic influence in the present study can be subdivided into an effect of 59% by the HRG phenotype and 11% by residual genetic factors. The influence of the HRG phenotype of 59% can entirely be explained by adding up the effect of the two alleles that make up the phenotype. These results indicate a codominant inheritance pattern of HRG levels in which the genetic influence can almost completely be ascribed to the additive effect of the di-allelic HRG locus whereas only a small part is due to other loci

Dioxygenolytic cleavage of aryl ether bonds: 1,2-Dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-4-carboxybenzophenone as evidence for initial 1,2-dioxygenation in 3- and 4-carboxy biphenyl ether degradation

A bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp. POB 310, was enriched with 4-carboxy biphenyl ether as sole source of carbon and energy. Resting cells of POB 310 co-oxidize a substrate analogue, 4-carboxybenzophenone, yielding 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-4-carboxy-benzophenone. The ether bond of 3- and 4-carboxy biphenyl ether is cleaved analogously by initial 1,2-dioxygenation, yielding a hemiacetal which is hydrolysed to proto-catechuate and phenol. These intermediates are degraded via an ortho and meta pathway, respectively. Alternative 2,3- and 3,4-dioxygenation can be ruled out as triggering steps in carboxy biphenyl ether degradation

Die Spaltung von Arylether-Bindungen durch initiale Dioxygenierung: Grundlage des bakteriellen Dioxinabbaus

Bei der Untersuchung des bakteriellen Abbaus von Arylether-Modellsubstraten wie 2-Alkoxybenzoat, Carboxybiphenylether und Dibenzofuran wurde ein grundlegender Mechanismus für die Spaltung von Aryletherbindungen aufgedeckt. Demnach bewirken Dioxygenase-Enzyme unter Einführung zweier Hydroxylgruppen die Überführung von Ether- in Hemiacetalbindungen. Diese instabilen Hemiacetale reagieren unter Rearomatisierung zu aliphatischen Alkoholen und/oder Phenolverbindungen ab. Enzyme dieses Typs sind auch in der Lage, Dioxine zu spalten.During investigations on the bacterial metabolism of aryl ether model compounds like 2-alkoxybenzoates, carboxybiphenylethers and dibenzofuran, a basic mechanism for cleavage of aryl ether bonds was revealed. Accordingly dioxygenase enzymes insert two hydroxyl groups into ether compounds in such a way that stable ether bonds are transformed into labile hemiacetal bonds. The hemiacetal compounds with concomitant rearomatization rearrange to aliphatic alcohols and/or phenolics. Enzymes or this highly specialized type are also able to cleave ether bonds in dioxin structures

A new Late Agenian (MN2a, Early Miocene) fossil assemblage from Wallenried (Molasse Basin, Canton Fribourg, Switzerland)

Excavations of two fossiliferous layers in the Wallenried sand- and marl pit produced a very diversified vertebrate fauna. New material allows the reassessment of the taxonomic position of the ruminant taxa Andegameryx andegaviensis and endemic Friburgomeryx wallenriedensis. An emended diagnosis for the second species is provided and additional material of large and small mammals, as well as ectothermic vertebrates, is described. The recorded Lagomorpha show interesting morphological deviations from other Central European material, and probably represent a unique transitional assemblage with a co-occurrence of Titanomys, Lagopsis and Prolagus. Rodentia and Eulipotyphla belong to typical and well-known species of the Agenian of the Swiss Molasse Basin. Abundant small mammal teeth have allowed us to pinpoint the biostratigraphic age of Wallenried to late MN2a. The biostratigraphic age conforms to data derived from the charophyte assemblages and confirms the oldest occurrence of venomous snake fangs. The palaeoenvironmental context is quite complex. Sedimentary structures and fauna (fishes, frogs, salamanders, ostracods) are characteristic for a humid, lacustrine environment within a flood plain system

Combinatoriality in the vocal systems of nonhuman animals

A key challenge in the field of human language evolution is the identification of the selective conditions that gave rise to language's generative nature. Comparative data on nonhuman animals provides a powerful tool to investigate similarities and differences among nonhuman and human communication systems and to reveal convergent evolutionary mechanisms. In this article, we provide an overview of the current evidence for combinatorial structures found in the vocal system of diverse species. We show that considerable structural diversity exits across and within species in the forms of combinatorial structures used. Based on this we suggest that a fine‐grained classification and differentiation of combinatoriality is a useful approach permitting systematic comparisons across animals. Specifically, this will help to identify factors that might promote the emergence of combinatoriality and, crucially, whether differences in combinatorial mechanisms might be driven by variations in social and ecological conditions or cognitive capacities

Lower and upper probabilities in the distributive lattice of subsystems

yesThe set of subsystems ∑ (m) of a finite quantum system ∑(n) (with variables in Ζ(n)) together with logical connectives, is a distributive lattice. With regard to this lattice, the ℓ(m | ρn) = Tr ((m) ρn ) (where (m) is the projector to ∑(m)) obeys a supermodularity inequality, and it is interpreted as a lower probability in the sense of the Dempster–Shafer theory, and not as a Kolmogorov probability. It is shown that the basic concepts of the Dempster–Shafer theory (lower and upper probabilities and the Dempster multivaluedness) are pertinent to the quantum formalism of finite systems

The JWST discovery of the triply imaged type Ia Supernova H0pe and observations of the galaxy cluster PLCK G165.7+67.0

A Type Ia supernova (SN) at z = 1.78 was discovered in James Webb Space Telescope Near Infrared Camera imaging of the galaxy cluster PLCK G165.7+67.0 (G165; z = 0.35). The SN is situated 1.5–2 kpc from the host-galaxy nucleus and appears in three different locations as a result of gravitational lensing by G165. These data can yield a value for Hubble's constant using time delays from this multiply imaged SN Ia that we call "SN H0pe." Over the cluster, we identified 21 image multiplicities, confirmed five of them using the Near-Infrared Spectrograph, and constructed a new lens model that gives a total mass within 600 kpc of (2.6 ± 0.3) × 1014M⊙. The photometry uncovered a galaxy overdensity coincident with the SN host galaxy. NIRSpec confirmed six member galaxies, four of which surround the SN host galaxy with relative velocity ≲900 km s−1 and projected physical extent ≲33 kpc. This compact galaxy group is dominated by the SN host galaxy, which has a stellar mass of (5.0 ± 0.1) × 1011M⊙. The group members have specific star formation rates of 2–260 Gyr−1 derived from the Hα-line fluxes corrected for stellar absorption, dust extinction, and slit losses. Another group centered on a strongly lensed dusty star-forming galaxy is at z = 2.24. The total (unobscured and obscured) SFR of this second galaxy group is estimated to be (≳ 100 M⊙ yr−1), which translates to a supernova rate of ∼1 SNe yr−1, suggesting that regular monitoring of this cluster may yield additional SNe.This paper is dedicated to PEARLS team member and collaborator Mario Nonino, whose enthusiasm for the science and generosity have been an inspiration for us. We thank the two anonymous referees for suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript. B.L.F. was funded by NASA JWST DD grant (PID 4446; PI: Frye) from the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). B.L.F. obtained student support through a Faculty Challenge Grant for Increasing Access to Undergraduate Research, and the Arthur L. and Lee G. Herbst Endowment for Innovation and the Science Deans Innovation and Education Fund, both obtained at the University of Arizona. R.A.W. was funded by NASA JWST Interdisciplinary Scientist grants NAG5- 12460, NNX14AN10G, and 80GNSSC18K0200 from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. We thank the JWST Project at NASA GSFC and JWST Program at NASA HQ for their many decades long dedication to make the JWST mission a success. We especially thank Peter Zeidler, Patricia Royale, Tony Roman, and the JWST scheduling group at STScI for their continued dedicated support to get the JWST observations scheduled. This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) at the STScI, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with JWST programs 1176 and 4446. This work is also based on observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) at the STScI, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555 for HST