Two Conceptions of Democracy in the Council of the EU: Narrow and Broad

Since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the Council is explicitly understood as a democratic actor in a decision-making system that is legitimated on the basis of a democratic rationale. While this formalisation in the Lisbon Treaty of the Council as a democratic actor is to be welcomed as an important step in a longer-standing process, it remains unclear which normative requirements result from it. This point is illustrated in this paper with reference to the principle of transparency. It discerns the role of transparency in two competing conceptions at the Council level, representing a narrow, and a broad perspective on democracy. It is argued that below a minimal threshold of transparency, Council democracy cannot function. Above this threshold, in turn, transparency is likely to make Council democracy function better

Monitoring generic skills development in a bachelor European studies

© 2019 University Association for Contemporary European Studies. To ensure a smooth transition from studies to professional careers, students' skills and attitudes are often considered of greater value than theoretical knowledge and understanding. Yet, whereas typical academic skills such as research and writing are commonly monitored and trained, generic skills such as teamwork and communication receive scant attention. At Maastricht University, we developed a portfolio to raise awareness about skills required to take full advantage of the Problem-Based Learning environment, and to initiate self-reflection by students. As such, the portfolio also provides an opportunity to engage in a more in-depth assessment of students' skills acquisition. Students assessed their skills at the start of the bachelor programme through a survey that was administered again at two later stages during the first year. Comparing data of 414 students, we provide a unique insight into skills progression in an active learning environment. Repeated measures can thus provide a first impression of the impact of an active learning environment on generic skills acquisition. While we argue that the current portfolio achieves its educational objectives, as an instrument for measurement of skills acquisition it has its limitations.status: publishe

Hyflex and hybrid teaching and learning in higher education: evolving discussions in the post-Pandemic era

This collaborative piece provides our collective thoughts and experiences on teaching related to Hyflex and Hybrid environments within higher education (HE) institutions across countries. The piece is the evolution of discussions which started at the ECPR’s TLP Conference in Bratislava (and online) in June 2022 on this topic of hyflex and hybrid learning, and the changing HE environment we are all seeing and experiencing. We offer our thoughts and experiences, but also ask colleagues within our discipline to consider the questions and implications of many of the choices being made for ourselves as teachers, and for our students in the evolving learning environment in this period coming out of the pandemic

Steroidogenic control of liver metabolism through a nuclear receptor-network

OBJECTIVE: Coupling metabolic and reproductive pathways is essential for the survival of species. However, the functions of steroidogenic enzymes expressed in metabolic tissues are largely unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, we show that in the liver, the classical steroidogenic enzyme Cyp17a1 forms an essential nexus for glucose and ketone metabolism during feed-fast cycles. Both gain- and loss-of-function approaches are used to show that hepatic Cyp17a1 is induced by fasting, catalyzes the production of at least one hormone-ligand (DHEA) for the nuclear receptor PPARα, and is ultimately required for maintaining euglycemia and ketogenesis during nutrient deprivation. The feedback-loop that terminates Cyp17a1-PPARα activity, and re-establishes anabolic liver metabolism during re-feeding is mapped to postprandial bile acid-signaling, involving the receptors FXR, SHP and LRH-1. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these findings represent a novel paradigm of homeostatic control in which nutritional cues feed-forward on to metabolic pathways by influencing extragonadal steroidogenesis

The impact of attendance on first-year study success in problem-based learning

The literature on first-year study success has identified a host of factors that may affect a student’s chances of succeeding, ranging from personal circumstances to educational environment. One of the factors that often emerges in this context is (non-)attendance of classes, lectures and tutorials. Intuitively, one would expect this to be all the more important in programmes that employ a student-centred and interactive approach to learning, such as problem-based learning. Interestingly, there is little dedicated research that looks into the importance of (non-)attendance in such a learning environment. This article addresses this gap in the literature by looking at the effect of (non-)attendance on the study success of three cohorts of Maastricht University’s Bachelor in European Studies (annual intake of 325–350 students). Controlling for a range of factors, we find that attendance matters for several measures of study success and also for the committed and participating student

Loss of SerpinA5 protein expression is associated with advanced-stage serous ovarian tumors

Epithelial ovarian cancer, the most lethal neoplasm of the female genital tract, is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage as obvious symptoms are absent at early stages. This disease is believed to originate from malignant transformation of the ovarian surface epithelium or fallopian tube. Histologically, several subtypes are being recognized, with serous histology accounting for the majority of cases. Serous tumors include serous borderline tumors and serous carcinomas. A better understanding of the tumor biology and molecular mechanisms involved in these tumors is needed, as both patient management and prognosis differ substantially. Previous microarray analysis identified SerpinA5, a uPA inhibitor, as key regulator for indolent borderline behavior. As carcinomas are characterized by loss of SerpinA5 mRNA expression, we hypothesized that SerpinA5 protein expression is reduced or lost in carcinomas when compared with borderline tumors. We performed SerpinA5 immunohistochemical staining on 32 serous borderline tumors, 187 primary serous carcinomas and 62 serous omental metastases. Reduced or absent SerpinA5 protein staining was observed in carcinomas when compared with borderline tumors (P <0.001). SerpinA5 protein expression was significantly lowered in the omental metastases (P <0.001) when compared with the matching primary carcinoma. Interestingly, SerpinA5 protein expression was reduced in advanced-stage borderline tumors, often characterized by micropapillary growth and/or microinvasion, when compared with early-stage borderline tumors (P=0.015). In conclusion, SerpinA5 expression is significantly reduced in advanced-stage serous borderline tumors and serous carcinomas when compared with the early-stage counterparts, and reduction of expression is linked to more aggressive features of borderline tumors. Modern Pathology (2011) 24, 463-470; doi:10.1038/modpathol.2010.214; published online 19 November 201