64 Bit Binary Counter with Minimal Clock Period

Novel rapid formations of synchronous binary counting with single minimum period of counting for practical counters are developed in this project. A synchronous binary counter is required in many applications since it is rapid, also can help a broad bit-width. Basically, because of massive fan-outs and extensive carry chains, earlier counters have a limited counting rate, mainly when size of the counter is not modest. It employs a single bit Johnson counter to decrease whole hardware complications, then copy it to lessen the propagation latency caused by huge fan-outs. In this paper, re programmable the clock utilized in it for various applications functioning at different clock rates and there’ll be a variation within the delay values because the clock is reprogrammed the critical may varies for various rates. The counter output results are obtained for various bit up to 64 and therefore the design provides various clock rates with variations in area and delay

Biosorption of Mn (II) by Spirogyra verrucosa collected from Manganese Mine Water

Mining industries frequently generates acid mine drainage (AMD) either by its operating or abandoned mines which are often characterized by an elevated levels of certain heavy metals, sulphate, low pH and some other toxic impurities in mine water creates environmental and ecological problems. Present study planned to suggest role of alga Spirogyra verrucosa in Manganese (Mn) removal by biosorption process from the mine water of Manganese mines of Nagpur District, Vidarbha Region, Maharashtra. The biosorption of Mn(II) ions from aqueous solution by using dead green algal (S.verrucosa) biomass was investigated by studying effect of pH, temperature, quantity of biosorbent, contact time as well as initial metal ion concentration. The optimized values obtained with respect to these parameters clearly indicates that pH 5, temperature 30°C, biosorbent quantity 1.0 gm/l, contact time 120 min. and initial metal ion concentration 50mg/l were the basic requirement for the biosorption of Mn(II) ions by dead algal biomass. Also, the biosorption kinetic and isotherm modeling applied to the equilibrium data for biosorption of Mn(II) ions onto alga reveals the fitness of the pseudo-second-order rate expression (R2=0.994) as well as the suitability of Langmuir (R2=0.859) and Freundlich (R2=0.761) isotherm models with an indication of the applicability of this metal ion-dried algal system for removal of Mn(II) ions in a monolayer biosorption as well as heterogenous surface conditions. However, comparatively biosorption equilibrium was better described by Langmuir isotherm model with monolayer biosorption capacity of S.verrucosa biomass 21.80 mg/g. Also, the maximum removal 40.66 mg/g (80.20%) of Mn(II) ion by alga under optimized conditions promises the potential use in mine water treatment technology

Effect of feeding cauliflower leaf meal on blood-biochemical, immunity status and carcass characteristics of growing goat kids

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding cauliflower leaf meal (CLM) on blood biochemical, immunity status and carcass characteristics of growing goat kids. Fifteen male non-descript goat kids of 6-8 months of age were divided equally into three groups (T0, T1 and T2). T0 group was fed with basal diet and T1 and T2 group were fed with 20 and 30% CLM in concentrate mixture for 120 days. The Hb, PCV, DLC, TLC, albumin, globulin, total protein, A:G ratio, Ca, P, Urea N and glucose levels were comparable among all groups of goat kids. However, total cholesterol was significantly lower in T1 and T2 group. The enzymatic profile including ALT, AST and ASP levels were comparable among all groups of kids. The serum antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase and catalase were significantly higher in T2 group as compared to T1 and control group without affecting superoxide dismutase level. The thyroid hormones were non-significant among all groups of kids. The humoral and cell mediated immunity was improved in CLM fed group of kids. The carcass characteristics and meat composition were comparable among all groups of kids while TBAR value was lower in T2 group. Therefore, it may be concluded from the study that 20-30% CLM in concentrate mixture reduces the total cholesterol level, increases serum catalase and glutathione peroxidase level and improved keeping quality of meat, cell mediated and humoral immunity status of growing goat kids

First 230 GHz VLBI Fringes on 3C 279 using the APEX Telescope

We report about a 230 GHz very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) fringe finder observation of blazar 3C 279 with the APEX telescope in Chile, the phased submillimeter array (SMA), and the SMT of the Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO). We installed VLBI equipment and measured the APEX station position to 1 cm accuracy (1 sigma). We then observed 3C 279 on 2012 May 7 in a 5 hour 230 GHz VLBI track with baseline lengths of 2800 M$\lambda$ to 7200 M$\lambda$ and a finest fringe spacing of 28.6 micro-arcseconds. Fringes were detected on all baselines with SNRs of 12 to 55 in 420 s. The correlated flux density on the longest baseline was ~0.3 Jy/beam, out of a total flux density of 19.8 Jy. Visibility data suggest an emission region <38 uas in size, and at least two components, possibly polarized. We find a lower limit of the brightness temperature of the inner jet region of about 10^10 K. Lastly, we find an upper limit of 20% on the linear polarization fraction at a fringe spacing of ~38 uas. With APEX the angular resolution of 230 GHz VLBI improves to 28.6 uas. This allows one to resolve the last-photon ring around the Galactic Center black hole event horizon, expected to be 40 uas in diameter, and probe radio jet launching at unprecedented resolution, down to a few gravitational radii in galaxies like M 87. To probe the structure in the inner parsecs of 3C 279 in detail, follow-up observations with APEX and five other mm-VLBI stations have been conducted (March 2013) and are being analyzed.Comment: accepted for publication in A&

Georeferenced soil information system: assessment of database

Land-use planning is a decision-making process that facilitates the allocation of land to different uses that provide optimal and sustainable benefit. As land-use is shaped by society–nature interaction, in land-use planning different components/facets play a significant role involving soil, water, climate, animal (ruminant/ non-ruminant) and others, including forestry and the environment needed for survival of mankind. At times these components are moderated by human interference. Thus land-use planning being a dynamic phenomenon is not guided by a single factor, but by a complex system working simultaneously,which largely affects the sustainability. To address such issues a National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) on ‘Georeferenced soil information system for land-use planning and monitoring soil and land quality for agriculture’ was undertaken to develop threshold values of land quality parameters for land-use planning through quantitative land evaluation and crop modelling for dominant cropping systems in major agro-ecological sub-regions (AESRs) representing rice–wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and deep-rooted crops in the black soil regions (BSR). To assess the impact of landuse change, threshold land quality indicator values are used. A modified AESR map for agricultural landuse planning is generated for effective land-use planning

Soil information system: use and potentials in humid and semi-arid tropics

The articles presented in this special section emanated from the researches of consortium members of the National Agricultural Innovative Project (NAIP, Component 4) of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. These researches have helped develop a soil information system (SIS). In view of the changing scenario all over the world, the need of the hour is to get assistance from a host of researchers specialized in soils, crops, geology, geography and information technology to make proper use of the datasets. Equipped with the essential knowledge of data storage and retrieval for management recommendations, these experts should be able to address the issues of land degradation, biodiversity, food security, climate change and ultimately arrive at an appropriate agricultural land-use planning. Moreover, as the natural resource information is an essential prerequisite for monitoring and predicting global environmental change with special reference to climate and land use options, the SIS needs to be a dynamic exercise to accommodate temporal datasets, so that subsequently it should result in the evolution of the soil information technology. The database developed through this NAIP would serve as an example of the usefulness of the Consortium and the research initiative of ICAR involving experts from different fields to find out the potentials of the soils of humid and semi-arid bioclimatic systems of the country

Semiautomatic endocardial contour estimation in contrast Echocardiography sequences using guided local search

We present a Guided Local Search (GLS) in multi-frame environment for detection of endocardial contours in short axis (SAX) contrast echo cardiographic image sequences. The proposed method requires minimal user intervention at the first frame of the image sequence for specifying the candidate points of the contour. The initial contour is approximated by fitting an ellipse in the region defined by the points specified. First level of regularization on the contour is made by radial gradient search with magnitude and direction. The second level of regularization makes use of GLS algorithm. The GLS with features and constraints for solution space and penalty terms overcome the optimization being trapped in local minima. The proposed method also incorporates the temporal information from the adjacent frames during the regularization process. The subsequent frames in sequence are initialized by the final contour of the previous frame. The algorithm developed was applied to 10 data sets over full cardiac cycle and the results were validated by comparing computer generated boundaries to those manually outlined by one expert. The maximum error in the contours detected was +/- 2.9mm. The application of guided local search algorithm proposed in this paper offers a fast and efficient method for semiautomatic segmentation of heart chambers in 2D contrast echocardiography sequences