A study on finite difference method using explicit and monotone scheme hyperbolic partial differential equation

All the problems almost in science and technology can be expressed mathematically in the form of partial differential equation. Mainly all the types of partial differential equation has a specific characters. Specially hyperbolic equation is associated with vibrations and sounds especially problems related to time, heat, diffusion and elasticity. In this paper, the author discussed the explicit and monotone scheme based on finite difference method to find the numerical solution of hyperbolic partial differential equation with linear advection equation and also discussed the upwind difference scheme which was extended to an monotone scheme

Association of hyperlipidemia in preterm delivery

Background: There are 3.6 million/year neonatal deaths around the world, of which 99 percent deaths are contributed by the developing countries. An infant born before 37 completed weeks is called as preterm. Normal human pregnancy results in a pronounced physiological hypertriglyceridemia involving a gestational rise in blood triglycerides (TGL) and cholesterol.  As elevated circulating levels of triglycerides and cholesterol are markers for increased risk of preterm labor in pregnant women. Atherosis of the Utero placental spiral arteries may be induced by the Hyperlipidemia in pregnancy to cause preterm delivery.Methods: The study group included 444 healthy pregnant women in the age group of 17-35 years and whose gestational age was confirmed either by their last menstrual period or by dating ultrasound. This study was conducted to evaluate the association of elevated serum triglycerides and cholesterol levels, in an uncomplicated pregnancy and preterm delivery. In all these antenatal mothers (study group) a detailed history with special reference to diet and habits, followed by a complete obstetric and general examination were done. All antenatal mothers who were included in the study were subjected for serum triglycerides and cholesterol estimation from the overnight fasting blood samples, at 24, 28, & 32 weeks of gestation.Results: In this study 374 patients who had normal cholesterol delivered at term, however 15 patients out of 26 (42.5%) patients who showed abnormal cholesterol had preterm delivery and 22 patients out of 35 (62.8%) patients with abnormal triglycerides level delivered prematurely.Conclusions: The measurement of serum total cholesterol and triglycerides along with other measures like clinical and serum screening of Alpha fetoprotein and inhibin A can potentially be used for predicting the preterm labo

A Correlative Study of Epicardial Fat Thickness with Circulating Lipids and Hepatic Steatosis in Diabetic Population

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to disturbances in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Epicardial fat thickness (EFT) has been correlated with cardiovascular risk factors. We herein aimed to assess EFT in diabetic patients. We evaluated 62 patients with diabetes and 62 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects. Anthropometric characteristics [age, sex, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC)] and laboratory findings [fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides (TG)] were assessed. Transthoracic echocardiography was used to evaluate EFT. All the study subjects were also subjected for assessment of hepatic steatosis. There were no significant differences between the case and control groups in terms of age, gender, and BMI., Waist circumference and systolic blood pressure. Diastolic blood pressure was found to be significantly higher in the case group than control group (p<0.05). When compared with the control group, the mean EFT was significantly higher in all diabetic subgroups (p<0.001) than controls. The presence of hepatic steatosis had significant positive correlation with EFT. We concluded that EFT levels to be increased in all diabetic patients. Furthermore, EFT significantly correlated with the patients' WC and hepatic steatosis and triglyceride

Scheuthauer-Marie-Sainton syndrome: a case report

The term Scheuthauer-Marie-Sainton syndrome is also known as cleidocranial dysplasia or cleidocranial dystosis and is derived from ancient greek words cleido (collar bone), knanion (head) and dysplasia (abnormal formation). It is an uncommon but well known genetic skeletal condition and an autosomal dominant malformation affecting bones and teeth. The most common skeletal and dental abnormalities in affected individuals are hypoplastic/ aplastic clavicles, open frontanelles, short stature, retention of primary teeth, delayed eruption of permanent teeth, supernumerary teeth and multiple impacted teeth. Affected person have a characteristic facial appearance with a bulky forehead, hypertelorism and midfacial hypoplasia. General health is usually good and the intellect is unimpaired. This article describes clinical and radiographic features of Scheuthauer-Marie-Sainton syndrome in a 29 years old male patien

AWARENESS, KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS PHARMACOVIGILANCE AMONG MEDICAL GRADUATES IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL IN SOUTH INDIA.

Objectives: As an ever growing scale people are using newer and more effective drugs for various medical conditions. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are preventable if the health-care professional pays close attention to the details of the adverse effects, following a drug administration. Awareness about ADRs can decrease the irrational use of drugs. Hence, there is an urgent need to create awareness among the prescribers about the ADR monitoring. Hence, this study is undertaken to assess the awareness, knowledge, and attitude toward Pharmacovigilance among the future health-care professionals.Methods: Questionnaire-based study was conducted in a tertiary health-care hospital after getting approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee. The questionnaire was developed to assess the knowledge, awareness, and practice of Pharmacovigilance activity. The questions were distributed to the final year students, interns, and postgraduate's students and allowed to write down the answers independently. Each correct answer was given a score of ‘1,' whereas the incorrect/incomplete was given a score of 0.â€Results and Conclusion: The study reported that awareness (UGs - 53.3%, interns - 54.9%, PGs - 30.75) was adequate among undergraduates and interns, in the knowledge part (UGs-65.5%, interns - 35.4%, PGs - 9.2%), undergraduates excel far than the interns and PGs. However, in the application of Pharmacovigilance (UG - 22.2%, interns - 59.8%, PGs - 63.1%) postgraduates and interns fair better than the undergraduates. Hence, there is need to increase the awareness and also increase the ADR reporting practice among medical graduates

Chemical profiling of fern Cheilosoria mysurensis (Wall. ex Hook.) Ching & Shing and its biological activity

Cheilosoria mysurensis (Wall. ex Hook.) Ching &amp; Shing, a medicinal fern traditionally used to treat burns, throat pain and bone fracture. There is no any scientific report regarding anticancer studies of this species. The aim of the study was to find out the chemical components through GC/MS analysis with their antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. GC-MS analysis shows primary ingredients viz, Cis-9, 10-epoxyoctadecan-1-ol and Oxiraneundecanoic acid, 3-pentyl-, methyl ester, trans were present. High free-radical scavenging activity has been discovered in 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and showed the IC50 value of 52.13±0.33. Furthermore, C. mysurensis also showed good cytotoxic effects against DLA and EAC cell lines with values of 72.9% and 79.5% at 200 µg/ml dose respectively. Overall findings suggested that the identified chemical compounds proved to be rich in antioxidant property. Further, this fern can be a good resource for pharma industry to produce novel anti-cancer drugs

IN VITRO ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITY OF NATIVE INDIAN SEAWEED SARGASSUM SP.

ABSTRACTObjectives: To investigate the antiplasmodial activity of three different solvent extracts of Sargassum tenerrimum against Plasmodium falciparum.Methods: The seaweed species of S. tenerrimum were collected from Rameshwaram, Southeast coast of India. The collected samples were dried andextracted with three different polaritic (hexane, acetone, and ethylacetate) solvents and tested against P. falciparum parasite strain.Results: Acetone extract exhibited better activity than the other two extracts. The inhibitory concentration values of acetone S. tenerrimum werefound to be 27.82 and 18.14 µg/ml at 24-48 hrs, respectively. S. tenerrimum crude extracts were subjected for the phytochemical analysis, and itshowed the presence of steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, amino acids, and phenol compounds. The gas chromatography-massspectroscopy result reveals that the presence of 10 major and minor compounds in the S. tenerrimum extract. In that, cyclotrisiloxane hexamethylcompounds might be responsible for the effective parasite suppression.50Conclusion: It can be concluded from the present study that the acetone extract of S. tenerrimum has strong antiplasmodial activity. Furthermore, thestudy has been extended to the isolation of the possible active compounds that is responsible for the antiplasmodial properties.Keywords: Antiplasmodial assay, Different polaritic solvents, Plasmodium falciparum, Sargassum tenerrimum

Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities and GC-MS Analysis of Fresh Rose Petals Aqueous Extract of Rosa damascena Mill L.

A rose (Rosa damascena) is a woody perennial plant of the genus Rosa within the family Rosaceae. The leaves of the plant are alternate to each other on the stem. Best known for its ornamental values, most of the rose plants are deciduous except a few from the South East Asia that are evergreen. The aggregate fruit of the rose is a pot-like structure containing the seeds in it called the rose hip. The sharp objects along the stem of a rose plant are outgrowths of the epidermis called as prickles. The flowers to prepare a drink which acts as an energy stimulant, blood tonic and also works in case of digestive irregularities. The extract of rose plant especially act as an antidepressant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, digestive stimulant, kidney tonic and menstrual regulator. The maximum DPPH˙ radical and superoxide (O2˙-) radical scavenging activities of fresh rose petals aqueous extract were 52.84±0.20% and 89.36±0.31% at 120 µg/mL concentration. The IC50 values of DPPH˙ radical and superoxide (O2˙-) radical scavenging activities were 113.55 µg/mL and 40.62 µg/mL concentration respectively. The maximum Mo6+ reduction and Fe3+ reduction of fresh rose petals aqueous extract were 82.52±0.13% and 81.54±0.42% at 120 µg/mL concentration and the RC50 values of Mo6+ reduction and Fe3+ reduction were 46.67 µg/mL 32.25 µg/mL concentration respectively. The fresh aqueous extract of Rosa damascena possessed active molecules such as E,E-6,8-Tridecadien-2-ol, acetate, 8-Carbethoxy-1-methyl-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydropyrrolo [2,3-b]azepin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid and 9-Octadecynoic acid, methyl ester exhibiting antioxidant, antimicrobial activities. Keywords: Rosa damascena, Antioxidant, Free radical, DPPH˙, Antibacterial activity, GC-MS

Estimating the birth prevalence and pregnancy outcomes of congenital malformations worldwide

Congenital anomaly registries have two main surveillance aims: firstly to define baseline epidemiology of important congenital anomalies to facilitate programme, policy and resource planning, and secondly to identify clusters of cases and any other epidemiological changes that could give early warning of environmental or infectious hazards. However, setting up a sustainable registry and surveillance system is resource-intensive requiring national infrastructure for recording all cases and diagnostic facilities to identify those malformations that that are not externally visible. Consequently, not all countries have yet established robust surveillance systems. For these countries, methods are needed to generate estimates of prevalence of these disorders which can act as a starting point for assessing disease burden and service implications. Here, we describe how registry data from high-income settings can be used for generating reference rates that can be used as provisional estimates for countries with little or no observational data on non-syndromic congenital malformations