A Study on Non-Revenue Water in Intermittent and Continuous Water Service in Hubli City, India

The Cities in developing countries generally have high levels of non-revenue water (NRW), which requires high attention. In parts of Hubli-Dharwad in India, a study was conducted to assess NRW in one of the intermittent water service (IWS) pilot area and also in newly constructed continuous water service (CWS) demonstration zone. The study revealed that the NRW in IWS is as high as 37%, whereas in CWS, it is limited to about 15%. The outcome of this study will be helpful in CWS scaling up projects in India and developing countries. Keywords: Intermittent water service, Continuous water service, Non-revenue water, Physical losses, Commercial losse

New protocol for colchicine induced efficient doubled haploidy in haploid regenerants of tetraploid and hexaploid wheats at In vitro level

An investigation to standardize the protocol for in vitro application of colchicine for enhancing the doubled haploid production in wheat was done. Two tetraploid (PDW-314 and A-9-30-1); and two hexaploid (DH-40 and C-306) wheat genotypes were used as maternal parents, whereas, the pollen sources involved Zea mays (cv. Bajaura Makka) and Imperata cylindrica. During the rabi seasons of years 2013–14 and 2014–15, wheat × maize and wheat × I. cylindrica hybridization was carried out followed by treatment of their haploids produced as a result of elimination of chromosomes of maize and I. cylindrica respectively, with varied doses of colchicine for different durations The various doses of colchicine were categorized into two groups: lower doses for longer durations (0.01, 0.025, 0.05% each for 5, 7, 9, 11 hrs) and higher doses for shorter durations (0.05, 0.075, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25% each for 5, 4, 3, 2 hrs). The response of different concentrations of colchicine applied for varied durations revealed significant differences for various doubled haploidy parameters viz., per cent survived plants, per cent doubled haploid formation and per cent doubled haploid seed formation. In hexaploid and tetraploid wheats, colchicine doses of 0.075% for 4 hrs and 0.15% for 4 hrs, respectively were established as optimum for enhanced doubled haploid production

BUCCAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM : HISTORY AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Abstract                   Of the various routes of drug delivery, the oral route is most ancient as well as preferred by the patient being convenient to take. However, peroral administration of drugs has short comings such as hepatic first-pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation within the GI-tract which comprehend a hindrance to the absorption of peptides and protein group of drug. The drug absorption takesplace faster as it is in contact with the absorption surface. The drug delivery system helps the drug to remain at the same place of application longer for once or twice daily dosing. For some drugs alternate way of administration results in novel methods of action as opposed to the above said procedure. The characteristics of the oral mucosa as well as physicochemical properties of the drug poses as a hindrance to the oral mucosal administration of some drugs. Commercial availability of drug is restricted, although most of the drugs are qualitatively assessed for oral transmucosal delivery. The clinical benefit produced by an oral transmucosal dosage form is good eventhough the production of this dosage form is expensive. Transmucosal products are the recent drug delivery strategies. Delivery through transmucosal benefits the absorption four times than that of skin. Considering the availability of products, only some drugs are used for oral transmucosal delivery. So new drugs have to be processed and developed inorder to meet the limited transmucosal drug delivery. Present paper intends to emphasis the importance of oral transmucosal drug delivery and also highlights on the latest advancement in the field. Â

Influence of Resin Viscosity on Physical Properties of a Composite Shell Wound on a Low Density Material Mandrel

This study is made to improve the structural performance of composite shells/ vessels meant for aerospace vehicles. The effect of resin viscosity on the physical properties of carbon/ epoxy composite shell wound on polyurethane (PU) foam-based mandrel is studied and presented in this paper. Cylindrical shells were manufactured through the filament winding process at different resin viscosities. The physical properties of the composite shell are found to be improved significantly with a reduction in resin viscosity. Resin pick-up in impregnated fibers is found to be lower by 4.5 %, whereas mass and thickness of the shells are recorded to be lower by 3 % and 5.4 % respectively at resin viscosity range of 600 -760 mPa.s compared to the viscosity range of 1380 – 2080 mPa.s. Fiber volume fraction and density of composite shell are found to be higher by 6.3 % and 2.8 % at the same resin viscosity range. This trend reverses/stabilizes after further heating and corresponding lowered resin viscosity. Experiment and their result indicate an optimal viscosity range of 600 – 760 mPa.s. for filament winding of efficient carbon/ epoxy composite shel

Forecast and error analysis of vegetable production in Haryana by various modeling techniques

Crop forecasting is a formidable challenge for every nation. The Government of India has developed a number of forecasting systems. The national and state governments need such pre-harvest forecasts for various policy decisions on storage, distribution, pricing, marketing, import-export and many more. In this paper, univariate forecasting models such as random walk, random walk with drift, moving average, simple exponential smoothing and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models are considered and analyzed for their efficiency for forecasting vegetable production in the Haryana state. The State annual data on vegetable production were divided into the training data set from 1966-67 to 2013-14 and the test data set from 2014-15 to 2018-19. Suitable models were selected on the basis of error analysis on the training data and a percent error deviation test on the test data. Model diagnostic checking was carried out on ACF and PACF in residual terms through runs above and below the median, runs up and down and Ljung-Box tests. It is inferred that ARIMA (2,1,1) was found to be optimal and that the forecast values for the years 2019-20 to 2023-24 were estimated on the basis of this model, which were 7.82,8.23,8.72,9.2 and 9.72 million tonnes for the year 2019-20 to 2023-24, respectively.  The significance of the mode is that we can forecast the values using this best fit model and forecast values are very important for the policymakers and other government agencies for proper policy decision regarding food security

LOW LATENCY LOW LOSS UNDER 1 MSEC PROTECTION IN 5G/LTE-A PACKET FRONTHAUL

Protection switching is important in a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Fifth Generation (5G) fronthaul network and for ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC) types of applications. For example, protection switching requirements may necessitate an under one millisecond (msec) low loss and low latency protection switch over to, among other things, avoid a cell reset and support the emerging area of URLLC. To address those types of challenges, techniques are presented herein that support, among other things, a dedicated protection mechanism that is handled in a data plane where such protection switching is triggered in the data plane itself without any protocol interaction. Aspects of the techniques presented herein encompass, among other things, the dynamic configuration of a re-timer buffer depth, a custom extension header in a Radio over Ethernet (RoE) packet to support the conveyance of an indication of a path failure, little dependency on the transport network, etc

Pediatric long bone fractures treated by elastic intramedullary nailing

Background: Pediatric long bone fractures can have a high morbidity and long term disability among the survivors. The present study was aimed to study the clinical outcomes of children with long bone fractures managed by elastic intramedullary nail.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children (aged 2 to 15 years) who were admitted and treated for unilateral femoral, tibial or forearm fractures with elastic intramedullary nail from January 2018 till February 2020. All were managed with elastic intramedullary nailing. The union times and complications were noted from the medical records.Results: Femoral, tibial and forearm bones were involved in 15 patients each (33.3%). Road traffic accident was reported by 31%) and physical abuse by one case (2%). The mean time of union was 10 weeks, ranging from 6 to 12 weeks. The mean time for union of the femur and tibia was 11.54 and 11.34 weeks respectively. It was significantly lower for forearm (6.67 weeks, p value <0.05). Two patients reported of bursitis and impingement, which were resolved after nail removal. One case had limb length discrepancy of about 0.5 cm in femur fracture, which was not impairing functional activity. Functional status was assessed based on Flynn criteria was found to be excellent in 36%, good in 44% and fair in 20%.Conclusions: The results of the present study show that titanium elastic nail (TEN) is an effective treatment modality for managing pediatric long bone fractures. We recommend the use of TEN in managing long bone fractures in children

Measurement of Yearly Wastage in Elementary Education

The problem of wastage in Elementary Education System is becoming gradually very serious, across the world. Various methods have been proposed by researchers to measure real wastage in an Indian educational system, which seem to be inadequate because of multiple reasons. One of the main reasons is the occurrence of different type of wastages in the elementary education system. Further, there no reliable and consistent database, of educational statistics, that are available. In this paper, we wish to propose a method for measuring the real wastage by using the appropriate statistical technique of sampling

Improvement of renal profile in Gentamicin-induced Nephrotoxicity in albino wistar rats by edible macrofungi Dacryopinax spathularia and Schizophyllum commune

he present work has been taken to assess the pharmacological efficacy of two edible macrofungi Dacryopinax spathularia and Schizophyllum commune in the improvement of renal profile of Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in albino wistar rats. The intra-peritoneal administration of gentamicin 80 mg/Kg Body Weight per day had resulted in alterations in renal function and renal damage which was reflected by abnormal and significant (p=0.05) increase in renal function parameters of blood like Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN). On administration of high dose (500 mg/Kg BW) of D. Spathularia extract to the nephrotoxic group of rats the concentration of urea, creatinine, uric acid and BUN significantly decreased from 104.26±7.45 to 76.27±7.24, 1.17±0.43 to 0.68±0.47, 3.68±1.34 to 2.58±0.56 and 48.72±4.36 to 31.14±3.76 respectively, in comparison to the nephrotoxic group of rats. On the other hand, the administration of high dose (500 mg/Kg BW) of S. commune extract to the nephrotoxic group of rats resulted into significant (p=0.05) decrease in the concentration of urea, creatinine, uric acid and BUN, from 104.26±7.45 to 51.42±6.15, 1.17±0.43 to 0.62±0.14, 3.68±1.34 to 2.36±0.74 and 48.72±4.36 to 28.65±3.85 respectively, in comparison to the nephrotoxic group of rats. The results also revealed that S. commune extract showed comparatively more efficacy in the renal profile improvement of nephrotoxic rats in comparison to the D. spathularia extract