Turfgrass species response exposed to increasing rates of glyphosate application

To investigate the response of nine turfgrass species exposed to increasing rates of glyphosate application, the dry matter production, visual leaf injury symptoms (e.g., chlorosis and necrosis) and the concentrations of shikimate and mineral nutrients were determined in shoots. The rates of foliar glyphosate application were 0%, 5% (1.58 mM), and 20% (6.32mM) of the recommended application rate for weed control. In general, there was a negative and weak correlation between the intensity of visual injury and relative decreases in shoot dry matter production caused by glyphosate application. The decreases in shoot dry matter production and the severity of leaf damage pronounced by increasing glyphosate rate showed a substantial variation among the turfgrass species. Of the turfgrass species tested, Festuca arundinacea ‘Falcon’ and Buchloe dactyloides ‘Bowie’were selected as the most tolerant and sensitive species to applied sublethal rates of glyphosate as judged from visual injury ratings, respectively. At the highest glyphosate rate, shoot dryweightwas decreased by 4-fold in Bowie and only 1.6-fold in Falcon. When glyphosatewas not applied, shoot shikimate concentration of all species was very low and below 2.8mol g−1 FW (fresh weight). Glyphosate applications resulted in increases in shoot shikimate concentration with substantial variations among species. At 6.32mM glyphosate treatment, shikimate concentration ranged between 156.1mol g−1 (F. rubra, Ambrose) and 16.5mol g−1 FW (F. rubra, Cindy Lou). However, the highly sensitive and the tolerant genotypes were not different in shoot shikimate concentrations. Even, in the case of some genotypes, high glyphosate tolerance is accompanied by higher shoot concentrations of shikimate. Depending on the turfgrass species and mineral nutrients tested, increasing glyphosate application either did not affect or reduced mineral nutrient concentrations. In the case of decreases in shoot concentration of mineral nutrients, the decreases in Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe were most distinct. The results obtained indicate existence of a large genetic variation in tolerance to glyphosate toxicity among the turfgrass species. This differential variation in tolerance to glyphosate could not be explained by the changes in shoot concentrations of shikimate and mineral nutrients

Gemological features of diaspore in sodra—Milas (mugla) region

Diaspore, is related to bauxite in terms of its formation mechanism. Diaspore is one of the gemstone quality stones used in jewelry and jewelry making. It is possible to come across gemstones in various regions of the world. In our country, there are gemstone deposits in all regions. In these deposits, diaspore crystals are considered very valuable. Within the scope of this study, it was aimed to determine the gemological features of the diaspore formations in Sodra (Milas-Mugla) and its surroundings, as well as to determine other minerals and their formation conditions. Main oxide, trace, and rare earth element analyses were performed on seven collected samples. The classification was made using the Al2O3-SiO2-Fe2O3 triangular variation and it was determined that bauxite samples were in the “ferric bauxite” and “bauxite” areas. SEM imaging and EDS analyzes were performed on the samples and according to this result, it was determined that the samples mainly contained O, Al, and Si. The data obtained as a result of Raman Spectroscopy were matched with the device’s own data library and it was determined that the samples taken from the Sodra region were diaspore. In addition, according to the results of the FTIR analysis performed on the faceted sample taken from the Sodra region, it was seen that the samples were compatible with the reference standards and it was scientifically proven to be a diaspore crystal with gemstone quality. During the field studies carried out in the study area, diaspore crystals were encountered in the Milas-Sodra region, together with chloritoid and muscovite, within the metabauxite formations and in the altered zones close to the metabauxite limestone contact. Rock were classified as “muscovitequartzschist,” “quartzschist” with grano-lepidoblastic texture, “micaquartzschist” with lepidoblastic texture, “phyllite” with lepidoblastic texture, and “chlorite-epidote fels” with nematoblastic texture as a result of petrographic analyzes performed on the country rock samples. It is predicted that these gemstone-quality diaspore crystals can be evaluated economically

Transcriptome pathways unique to dehydration tolerant relatives of modern wheat

Among abiotic stressors, drought is a major factor responsible for dramatic yield loss in agriculture. In order to reveal differences in global expression profiles of drought tolerant and sensitive wild emmer wheat genotypes, a previously deployed shock-like dehydration process was utilized to compare transcriptomes at two time points in root and leaf tissues using the Affymetrix GeneChip(R) Wheat Genome Array hybridization. The comparison of transcriptomes reveal several unique genes or expression patterns such as differential usage of IP(3)-dependent signal transduction pathways, ethylene- and abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent signaling, and preferential or faster induction of ABA-dependent transcription factors by the tolerant genotype that distinguish contrasting genotypes indicative of distinctive stress response pathways. The data also show that wild emmer wheat is capable of engaging known drought stress responsive mechanisms. The global comparison of transcriptomes in the absence of and after dehydration underlined the gene networks especially in root tissues that may have been lost in the selection processes generating modern bread wheats

Quantitative trait loci conferring grain mineral nutrient concentrations in durum wheat 3 wild emmer wheat RIL population

Mineral nutrient malnutrition, and particularly deficiency in zinc and iron, afflicts over 3 billion people worldwide. Wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, genepool harbors a rich allelic repertoire for mineral nutrients in the grain. The genetic and physiological basis of grain protein, micronutrients (zinc, iron, copper and manganese) and macronutrients (calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and sulfur) concentration was studied in tetraploid wheat population of 152 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), derived from a cross between durum wheat (cv. Langdon) and wild emmer (accession G18-16). Wide genetic variation was found among the RILs for all grain minerals, with considerable transgressive effect. A total of 82 QTLs were mapped for 10 minerals with LOD score range of 3.2–16.7. Most QTLs were in favor of the wild allele (50 QTLs). Fourteen pairs of QTLs for the same trait were mapped to seemingly homoeologous positions, reflecting synteny between the A and B genomes. Significant positive correlation was found between grain protein concentration (GPC), Zn, Fe and Cu, which was supported by significant overlap between the respective QTLs, suggesting common physiological and/or genetic factors controlling the concentrations of these mineral nutrients. Few genomic regions (chromosomes 2A, 5A, 6B and 7A) were found to harbor clusters of QTLs for GPC and other nutrients. These identified QTLs may facilitate the use of wild alleles for improving grain nutritional quality of elite wheat cultivars, especially in terms of protein, Zn and Fe

Dynamic analysis of semi-rigid frames

The dynamic response of semi-rigid frames is studied by using a computer program. The connection flexibility is modeled by linear elastic rotational springs. Having the same geometry and cross-section; semi-rigid frames, with different spring coefficients, are examined. The reducing coefficients and lateral rigidity values, representing the real behavior of frames, are determined for each frame. To represent the real behavior, all deformations of a frame are accounted for a dynamic analysis. Response characteristics of five different multistory frames are compared with reference to their modal attributes. The study indicates that connection flexibility tends to increase vibration periods, especially in lower modes, while it causes vibration frequencies decrease

FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT FOR FORESTED WATERSHEDS USING AN IMPROVED CURVE NUMBER METHOD: THE CASE OF MARMARIS

The curve number (CN) method improved by US Soil Conservation Service was used to estimate the flood potential of a forested watershed. In this method, the degree of vegetation cover is used along with general descriptions such as good and weak. These two levels of classification (good and weak) can decrease the sensitivity of the calculations and can also generate a large difference between the resulting CN values. Moreover, in the original SCSCN method there is no litter layer term, which is an important hydrological parameter for forested watersheds. Thus, it has been necessary to revise the original method in order to use it more effectively in forested watersheds by taking into account the additional parameters of canopy cover and litter layer thickness

Modeling and Reasoning about Design Alternatives of Software as a Service Architectures

In general, a common reference architecture can be derived for Software as a Service (SaaS). However, while designing particular applications one may derive various application design alternatives from the same reference SaaS architecture specification. To meet the required functional and nonfunctional requirements of different enterprise applications it is important to model the possible design so that a feasible alternative can be defined. In this paper, we propose a systematic approach and corresponding tool support for guiding the design of SaaS application architectures. The approach defines a SaaS reference architecture, a family feature model and a set of reference design rules. Based on the business requirements an application feature model is defined using the family feature model. Selected features are related to design decisions and a SaaS application architecture design is derived

Drying of Tomato in a Photovoltaic and Thermal Solar-Powered Continuous Dryer

WOS: 000319442200004In this study, a solar energy dryer capacity of 10 kg has been designed, manufactured and analyzed by drying tomato. The developed dryer has been used to dry the tomatoes at the different conditions. The necessary electricity and heat energy was provided by solar energy completely. The tomatoes were sliced into 5 mm thickness were dried from initial moisture content 16.39 g water g dry matter(-1) to final moisture content 0.21 g water g dry matter-1. Tomato slices were dried at 40 degrees C, 45 degrees C and 50 degrees C drying air temperatures and average 0.2 m s(-1) air velocity in 8.5, 7 and 6 hours, respectively. Specific moisture extraction rates (SMER) were calculated as at 40 degrees C 0.49 kg kWh(-1), 45 degrees C 0.45 kg kWh(-1) and 50 degrees C 0.42 kg kWh(-1). Average solar collector efficiency was calculated as 49.33% according to experimental results

Mapping QTLs conferring salt tolerance and micronutrient concentrations at seedling stagein wheat

Abstract Soil salinization and degradation is one of the consequences of climate change. Identification of major salt tolerance genes and marker assisted selection (MAS) can accelerate wheat breeding for this trait. We genotyped 154 wheat F2 lines derived from a cross between salt tolerant and susceptible cultivars using the Axiom Wheat Breeder’s Genotyping Array. A high-density linkage map of 988 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was constructed and utilized for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for salt tolerance traits and mineral concentrations under salinity. Of 49 mapped QTLs, six were for Na+ exclusion (NAX) and two QTLs (qSNAX.2 A.1, qSNAX.2 A.2) on chromosome 2 A coincided with a reported major NAX QTL (Nax1 or HKT1;4). Two other major NAX QTLs were mapped on 7 A, which contributed 11.23 and 18.79% of the salt tolerance respectively. In addition to Ca+2 and Mg+2 QTLs, twenty-seven QTLs for tissue Phosphorus, Zinc, Iron, Manganese, Copper, Sulphur and Boron concentrations under salinity were also mapped. The 1293 segregating SNPs were annotated/located within genes for various ion channels, signalling pathways, transcription factors (TFs), metabolic pathways and 258 of them showed differential expression in silico under salinity. These findings will create new opportunities for salt tolerance breeding programs

Surface Anatomy of the Transverse Sinus for the Midline Infratentorial Supracerebellar Approach

AIM: Knowing the location of the transverse sinus in the midline supracerebellar infratentorial approach is important to prevent its inadvertent injury. The external landmarks of the occipital bone have been studied in this anatomic study in order to reveal their relationship with the transverse sinus