The emergence of projected scaled patterns of extreme temperatures over Europe

This work investigates the scalability of extreme temperatures over the European domain with global warming levels. We have used the EURO-CORDEX ensemble of regional model simulations at 0.11° resolution for daily minimum and maximum temperatures to analyze future changes in extreme weather daily events. Scaling with the annual mean global warming modeled by the driving GCM was applied to future extreme temperature indices changes. Regional changes in each index were scaled by corresponding global warming levels obtained from GCMs. This approach asserts that regional patterns of climate change and average global temperature change are linearly related. It can provide information regarding climate change for periods or emission scenarios when no simulations exist. According to the results, the annual minimum of the lowest temperature of the day (TNn) increases more than the annual maximum of the highest temperature of the day (TXx) for Europe. The multi-model mean of the changes in scaled patterns of extreme temperatures emerges early, around 2020, even before it becomes robust. Individual scaled patterns of TNn and TXx emerge from around 2040

Proximal sciatic neuropathy secondary to hamstring tendon avulsion = Proximális ülőideg-sérülés a combhajlító ín szakadása következtében

We herein present the exceptional case of a patient, who injured a sciatic nerve due to avulsion of proximal hamstring tendon in a motorcycle accident. The 63-year-old man was diagnosed firstly with an incomplete fracture of distal femur. A foot drop on the right side was observed when the full-length cast was removed two months later. The patient was referred to the neurology clinic and was diagnosed with a sciatic nerve lesion at the proximal level of the biceps femoris. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thigh showed a proximal avulsion of hamstring muscles tendon. The patient did not improve by short-term physiotherapy and neurosurgical intervention. Sciatic nerve injury can be a result of proximal hamstring avulsion in events such as motorcycle accidents even in the absence of complete or major femur fracture. = Bemutatjuk egy motorkerékpár-balesetben sérült beteg különleges esetét; a balesetben a combhajlító ín proxi má - lis szakadása miatt megsérült az ülôideg. A 63 éves betegnél elôször a distalis combcsont inkomplett törését diagnosztizálták. Két hónappal késôbb, amikor a teljes hosszúságú gipszet eltávolították, a lábfej dorsoflexiós képtelenségét állapították meg a jobb oldalon. A beteget ideggyógyászati klinikára irányították, ahol ülôidegsérülést diagnosztizáltak a femoralis bicepsz proximális részén. A comb mágnesrezonanciás vizsgálata a comb - hajlító izom inának proximális szakadását mutatta. A be teg állapota rövid távú fizioterápia és idegsebészeti beavatkozás révén nem javult. Az ülôideg-sérülés a combhajlító ín proximális szakadásának következménye is lehet például motorkerékpár-baleset esetén, még akkor is, ha nem áll fenn súlyos vagy komplett combcsonttörés

Comparison of single and repeated blockade of the greater occipital nerve in migraine treatment

Objective: Migraine is a neurovascular syndrome that can be triggered by several conditions such as increased stress levels, sleep disorders, some foods, hormonal abnormalities, and weather changes. In this study, the efficacy of single and repetitive greater occipital nerve blockade on patients with migraine were investigated. Methods: Forty migraineurs were divided into 2 groups randomly. Group 1 (n=20) received 1 session of blockade and group 2 (n=20) received 3 sessions of blockade per week with 2.5 cc 1\% lidocaine. The number of attacks monthly, duration of attacks (in hours), and pain severity using a visual analogue scale (VAS) were recorded, then compared with the pretreatment values and at the 6th and 12th weeks after treatment. Results: Group 1 showed a statistically significant decrease for all parameters compared with the 6th week values (p<0.05). Group 2 also showed a statistically significant decrease both at the 6th and 12th weeks for all parameters (p<0.05). The decrease in the frequency of pain at the 6th week between group 1 and 2 was statistically significant. The decrease in pain intensity (VAS) at the 12th week in group 2 was more significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Greater occipital nerve blockade seems to be effective in the treatment of migraine and repeated blockade can be more effective in migraine treatment

BIOMARKERS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND VASCULAR DEMENTIA SIMULTANEOUSLY SAMPLED FROM SERUM AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease, which is a progressive disease accompanied by behavioral problems and decreased activities of daily living with early cognitive decline, and vascular dementia, which is related to cerebrovascular lesions with gradual, progressive cognitive decline, are common in the elderly. Currently, pathological examination is the gold standard in both Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia and studies to elucidate the role of cytokines in their pathophysiology using cerebrospinal fluid and serum biological markers have been intensified. In this study, cerebrospinal fluid and serum biomarker levels from both Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia patients were examined

Effects of Subchronic Treatment with Ibuprofen and Nimesulide on Spatial Memory and NMDAR Subunits Expression in Aged Rats

Abstract Several studies point to an important function of cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin signaling in models of synaptic plasticity which is associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Cyclooxygenase gene is suggested to be an immediate early gene that is tightly regulated in neurons by NMDA dependent synaptic activity. Nonsteroid Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) exert their antiinflammatory effect by the inhibion of COX have controversial effects on learning and memory. We administered ibuprofen as a non-selective COX-2 inhibitor and nimesulide as a selective COX-2 inhibitor for 8 weeks for determining the cognitive impact of subchronic administration of NSAIDs to aged rats. Wistar albino rats (16 mo, n = 30) were separated into control (n = 10), ibuprofen (n = 10) and nimesulide (n = 10) treated groups. First we evaluated hippocampus-dependent spatial memory in the radial arm maze (RAM) and than we evaluated the expression of the NMDAR subunits, NR2A and NR2B by western blotting to see if their expressions are effected by subchronic administration with these drugs. Ibuprofen and nimesulide treated rats completed the task in a statistically significant shorter time when compared with control group (p &lt; 0.01), but there was no statistically significant difference between groups about choice accuracy data in RAM. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was detected for the protein expressions of NR2A and NR2B of the subjects. Oral administration of ibuprofen and nimesulide for 8 weeks showed no impairment but partly improved spatial memory

Markers of Bone Metastases in Breast and Lung Cancers

Aim and Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate correlations between serum osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin and NTX (Cross-linked N-telopeptides of Type I Collagen) and urinary NTX in breast and lung cancer patients with bone metastases. These four markers are considered to have important roles in bone formation, resorption and metastases. Methods: Four markers were determined in the sera of 60 breast cancer and 21 lung cancer patients and healthy controls (n=30). Serum levels were studied using ELISA and EIA. Results: The median levels of serum osteoprotegerin (p<0.001) and osteocalcin (p=0.003) were higher in patients. Significant correlations were observed between the serum NTX-osteocalcin (r=0.431; p<0.001), serum NTX-osteoprotegerin (r=0.42; p=0.003) and serum NTX - urine NTX (r=0.255; p=0.022). Conclusion: We conclude that osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin and NTX are independent diagnostic tools. Due to the ease of urine collection, urine NTX may be applied routinely to allow early detection of bone metastases and indicate progression of the disease

Is there a distinct harbor porpoise subpopulation in the Marmara Sea?

Genetic population structure of geographically isolated endangered Black Sea harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena relicta) is little known in Turkish waters, especially in the Turkish Straits System (TSS- Marmara Sea, Bosphorus and Dardanelles), which connects the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. Mitochondrial DNA sequences of 70 new individuals sampled in the Turkish Black Sea, TSS and Aegean Sea, revealed five new haplotypes from the Black Sea. The findings support the idea that harbor porpoises from the Black Sea dispersed into the Aegean through the TSS. Considering signatures of population expansion, all subpopulations showed a signature of population expansion. The network data and the Phi st calculations indicated that the Marmara Sea subpopulation was significantly differentiated from all of the other subpopulations, and supports the notion of its isolated. The finding of a potential management unit (MU) within an already heavily impacted subpopulation as a whole suggests that the individuals of P. p. relicta inhabiting the Marmara Sea require a very rigorous conservation strategy to ensure the survival of this subpopulation, represented by its unique haplotype