Effect of protein source on in situ digestibility of sugarcane silage-based diets

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the protein source in sugarcane silage-based diets on the ruminal pH and in situ dry matter digestibility (DMD). The treatments were: 1)- 60% sugarcane silage + 15% soybean meal (SBM); 2)- 60% sugarcane silage + 15% fish meal (FM); 3)- 55% sugarcane silage + 20% canola meal (CM); and T4)- 50% sugarcane silage + 30% coconut meal (CCM). In situ DMD was determined by the nylon bag technique using four cows equipped with ruminal cannula. Five grams of each experimental diet were weighted in nylon bags and incubated for 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Dry matter digestibility for SBM, CM, and CCM showed higher values compared to FM. A similar pH among treatments was recorded; however, at 4 h decreases in SBM and FM were observed. Sugarcane silage in integral diets with the different protein sources used in this study, did not modify ruminal pH but showed lower DMD when fish meal was the protein source. Highlights The use of bacterial inoculum and an additive that promotes the silage process of sugarcane and improves its quality. Use of sugarcane silage and soybean meal as a protein source increase the ruminal digestibility of dry matter of the diet, and not change ruminal pH. Sugarcane silage can be used as an ingredient in an integral diet for ruminants.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the protein source in sugarcane silage-based diets on the ruminal pH and in situ dry matter digestibility (DMD). The treatments were: 1)- 60% sugarcane silage + 15% soybean meal (SBM); 2)- 60% sugarcane silage + 15% fish meal (FM); 3)- 55% sugarcane silage + 20% canola meal (CM); and T4)- 50% sugarcane silage + 30% coconut meal (CCM). In situ DMD was determined by the nylon bag technique using four cows equipped with ruminal cannula. Five grams of each experimental diet were weighted in nylon bags and incubated for 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Dry matter digestibility for SBM, CM, and CCM showed higher values compared to FM. A similar pH among treatments was recorded; however, at 4 h decreases in SBM and FM were observed. Sugarcane silage in integral diets with the different protein sources used in this study, did not modify ruminal pH but showed lower DMD when fish meal was the protein source. Highlights The use of bacterial inoculum and an additive that promotes the silage process of sugarcane and improves its quality. Use of sugarcane silage and soybean meal as a protein source increase the ruminal digestibility of dry matter of the diet, and not change ruminal pH. Sugarcane silage can be used as an ingredient in an integral diet for ruminants

Rumen dry matter degradability of fresh and ensiled sugarcane

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and in situ ruminal degradability of fresh (FSC) and ensiled (ESC) sugarcane. In situ dry matter degradability (DMD) was determined using the nylon bag technique with four cows equipped ruminal fistulas. Cows were fed with fresh or ensiled sugarcane and supplemented with 1 kg of commercial concentrate. Five grams of ground sample for each sugarcane treatment (FSC or ESC) were weighted in nylon bags and incubated for 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h in a completely randomized design with six replicates. The DMD (%) was higher (P<0.05) for FSC in most incubation times compared with ESC, except at 24 h of incubation. There were no differences in ruminal pH between treatments during all the incubation times. Data suggested that the sugarcane silage could be an alternative to provide forage for ruminants during the season of low growth and quality grass in Mexico.Keywords: Sugarcane, degradability, cowsAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(19), pp. 2743-274

Use of Pleurotus pulmonarius to change the nutritional quality of wheat straw. I. effect on chemical composition

The effect of Pleurotus pulmonarius on the chemical composition of wheat straw was evaluated. Wheat straw, treated and untreated with P. pulmonarius, was obtained from a commercial facility. Ten samples plastic bags of wheat straw used previously as substrate to culture edible fungus were collected at random. The negative control group consisted of the pasteurized wheat straw untreated with P. pulmonarius. All samples were analyzed to determine dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and hemicellulose of each wheat straw. Data were analyzed by mean comparison using a t-Student test. No differences (P>0.05) between treatments were found for dry matter, crude protein and hemicellulose; however, straw treated with P. pulmonarius showed higher percentages (P<0.05) of organic matter, neutral and acid detergent fiber. It is concluded that growing P. pulmonarius in wheat straw improves the chemical composition of the straw by increasing its organic matter content and modifies the fiber structure, which increases the soluble carbohydrates content

Effect of season on chemical composition and in situ degradability in cows and in adapted and unadapted goats of three Mexican browse species

Browse foliages from Lysiloma acapulcencis, Quercus laeta and Pithecellobium dulce, native to the subtropical region of southern México, were harvested during the dry season (DS) and rainy season (RS) to determine in situ degradability using ruminal inoculum from fistulated cows as well as goats previously adapted (AG) or not adapted (UG) to browse species fed in their daily diet. Browse leaf samples were incubated in the rumen of each group for 48 h. The crude protein (CP) content of browse was considerably higher in RS (P<0.001). P. dulce had the lowest neutral detergent fiber (NDFom) and acid detergent fiber (ADFom) in the two seasons; L. acapulcencis had the highest values and Q. laeta values were intermediate, with an overall increase in fiber fractions in DS browse foliage (P<0.001). The lowest in situ degradability values were in L. acapulcencis and Q. laeta had intermediate values during both seasons. Season of harvest (RS or DS), and ruminal inoculum (cows, UG, and AG) affected (P<0.001) dry matter degradability (DMD), crude protein degradability (CPD) and fiber fractions of browse. Nutrient degradabilities in all species were higher (P<0.001) in DS than RS. Goats previously exposed to these browse species (AG) had higher (P<0.001) in situ degradability of the browse species than cows or goats in UG fed diets without browse. Overall, goats had higher (P<0.001) nutrient in situ degradability than cows. Our results suggest higher potential of these browse species as forages for ruminants during the dry period in semi-arid regions, but goats previously exposed to diets supplemented with the browse species had a better ability to degrade them than cows or goats in UG. P. dulce has the highest potential as a feed protein source in small ruminants during the dry period

Enzimas amilolíticas exógenas en la alimentación de rumiantes

Recientemente, las enzimas exógenas se están usando para mejorar la degradabilidad ruminal de la fibra dietaria y del almidón presente en los alimentos utilizados en la alimentación de rumiantes. Estas enzimas representan una alternativa para incrementar la productividad y reducir los costos por alimentación, ya que se podría reducir el uso de granos, debido al mayor aporte de energía que realizarían los sustratos fibrosos. La actividad amilolítica de los microorganismos ruminales se da principalmente por la acción de enzimas extracelulares, las que en cocultivo han manifestado su máximo potencial para digerir el almidón. Diversas investigaciones han demostrado que la digestión ruminal del almidón es incompleta y más para aquellos granos de tasas de digestión lenta como el sorgo. Esta digestión incompleta es el resultado de la interacción entre las características del almidón (tipo de grano), condiciones fisicoquímicas del rumen y las enzimas amilolíticas microbiales. Las enzimas exógenas, producto de la biotecnología, actúan en intervalos amplios de pH (4 - 9) y temperatura (30 - 90 C), las cuales podrían actuar sinérgicamente con las bacterias microbiales del rumen e incrementar la degradabilidad ruminal del almidón. Los avances en el uso de enzimas amilolíticas exógenas para incrementar el aprovechamiento del valor energético de los granos utilizados en la elaboración de alimentos para rumiantes, es una excelente alternativa para mejorar la producción animal

Effect of a calcified-seaweed extract as rumen buffer on ruminal disappearance and fermentation in steers

In the last 3 decades, steers with elevated daily weight gains have been fed diets with a relatively high concentration of grain Laving high concentration of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates that reduce rumen pH, degradation of structural carbohydrates, feed intake, and productivity (Soto-Navarro et al. 2000). The effects of ruminal buffers (salt, weak acid, oxide or hydroxide) able to neutralize acids and reduce drastic changes of rumen pH (Staples and Lough 1989) were variable, mostly due to the wide variety of conditions in which these were tested (Erdman 1988). Rumen buffers seem to improve feed efficiency of ruminants fed diets with highgrain concentration (Kennelly et al. 1999). In the last decade, new ruminal buffers have emerged such as calcified-seaweed extracts (CSE). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of CSE on ruminal disappearance and fermentation of steers fed diets with 30% forage and 70% concentrate

Influence of different levels of dried citrus pulp on in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics of total mixed ration in goat rumen inocula

Inclusion of dried citrus pulp (DCP) at different levels: 0 (control), 10% (DCP10), 20 (DCP20), and 30% (DCP30) of the total mixed ration (TMR) was evaluated by in vitro gas production (GP), and ruminal fermentation patterns, in a completely randomized design. Rumen fluid was collected before the morning meal from 8 gestating goats (Boer×Saanen, body weight 3±2.3 kg). GP was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation. Ruminal fermentation parameters such as 96 h partitioning factor (PF96), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), metabolizable energy (ME), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and metabolizable energy (ME) were also estimated. Inclusion of DCP linearly increased (P<0.01) cumulative gas production at 24, 48, and 96 h after inoculation, as well as asymptotic gas production (b). Rations at 30% and 10% DCP had the highest values of gas production, whereas control and 20% DCP presented the same values (quadratic effect P<0.01). Lag phase (L) decreased linearly (P<0.001) with DCP addition. IVDMD and IVOMD increased linearly (P<0.01) with the inclusion of DCP in rations. The ration at 30% DCP (DCP30) had the greatest value of ME and SCFA, but no differences were observed in the PF96 among treatments. The data suggest that the DCP30 ration had the best impact on rumen gas production and IVDMD, IVOMD, ME, and SCFA

In vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics and energy utilization of three Mexican tree fodder species during the rainy and dry period

A factorial experimental design (3×2×3) was used to evaluate the effect of season of harvest and type of ruminal inoculums on in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics and energy utilization of three browse tree foliages (Lysiloma acapulcencis, Quercus laeta and Pithecellobium dulce). Browse species were harvested during the dry season (DS) and rainy season (RS) and incubated with three different ruminal inoculums: cow, goats previously adapted (AG) or not adapted (UG) to browse species fed in their daily diet. Chemical composition, total condensed tannin (TCT), free-condensed tannin (free-CT), protein-bound condensed tannin (PCT), fiber-bound condensed tannin (FCT) as well as in vitro assaying of ruminal gas production kinetics was determined, while the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and metabolizable energy (ME) were estimated. Crude protein (CP) was considerably higher (season×browse; P<0.001) during RS. P. dulce had the lowest neutral detergent fiber (NDFom) and acid detergent fiber (ADFom) in both seasons, while L. acapulcencis had the highest values and Q. laeta values were intermediate, with an overall increase in fiber fractions in DS browse foliages (season×browse; P<0.001). TCT content in tree species revealed differences (P<0.01). FCT and PCT were lower in Q. laeta and P. dulce during the RS than in DS, lower (P<0.01) Free-CT fractions were observed in L. acapulcencis and Q. Laeta than in P. dulce, during both seasons. in vitro gas production parameters was increased (P<0.05) in DS than in RS in browses with low and medium tannins contents (i.e., P. dulce and Q. laeta); consequently, browses energy utilization (i.e., SCFA and ME) and organic matter degradability (OMD) as well as fermentation efficiency (i.e., partition factor; PF) were improved (P<0.05). Generally, P. dulce had the highest (P<0.001) ruminal fermentation parameters and energy utilization values (more in DS than RS), while lowest values were founded in L. acapulcencis. Ruminal fluid ofADandUGhad higher (P<0.001) browse ruminal fermentation kinetics, efficiency and energy utilization than cow’s rumen fluid. The browse fermentation and energy utilization was improved in DS versus in RS and the browse fermentation and utilization were highest (P<0.05) in AG ruminal fluid than the others. Our results suggested a better nutritive value of P. dulce and Q. laeta with low and medium tannins contents and high CP concentration in cows and goats during the DS. Goats previously fed browse species in diets had a better ability to degrade and ferment the browse species than other animals

Evaluación de la capacidad amortiguadora de ingredientes utilizados en la formulación de dietas para rumiantes

Evaluación de la capacidad amortiguadora de ingredientes utilizados en la formulación de dietas para rumiantes. Se recolectaron 22 muestras de diferentes ingredientes, que se clasificaron en: energéticos altos ( > 15 %) y bajos ( < 15 %) en proteína, forrajes, alimentos fermentados y aditivos, con el objetivo de evaluar su capacidad amortiguadora (CA). Se determinó la capacidad amortiguadora expresando los resultados en miliequivalentes de ácido clorhídrico requerido para producir un cambio en una unidad de pH de la muestra original de alimento. Los resultados obtenidos fueron comparados con los reportados en otros estudios. La CA es alta en alimentos altos en proteína y leguminosas, intermedia en alimentos energéticos y fermentados, y baja en gramíneas